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Biodiversity > Lichen Diversity > Flashcards

Lichen Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity assessment prescribed by the government only focus on ____ and _____

A

flora, fauna

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2
Q

Lichens serve as a bioindicator for ____ and _____

A

air quality, forest disturbance

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3
Q

Lichens are important agents in ______ and _____ weathering of rocks and minerals

A

biogeophysical, biogeochemical

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4
Q

Two organisms that compose lichens?

A
  1. Photobiont (alga and cyanobacterium)

2. Mycobiont (fungus)

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5
Q

The dual symbiotic nature of lichens was described in what year?

A

1867

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6
Q

Who described the dual symbiotic nature of lichens?

A

Simon Schwedener

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7
Q

How many species of lichens worldwide?

A

30,000 species

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8
Q

How much of the land surface do lichens occupy?

A

8%

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9
Q

5 parts of a lichen (top to bottom)

A
  1. Upper cortex
  2. Algal zone
  3. Medulla
  4. Lower cortex
  5. Rhizines
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10
Q

Term for the body of lichens

A

Thallus

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11
Q

The outer, tightly packed fungal layer of lichens

A

Cortex

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12
Q

The inner loosely packed fungal layer of lichens

A

Medulla

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13
Q

Term for the hyphal bundles of fungi used to attach to the substrate

A

Rhizines

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14
Q

Type of relationship of organisms that make up a lichen?

A

Symbiotic relationship

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15
Q

Gains mechanical protection, increased water availability, reduced desiccation, and an improved ability to obtain nutrients from the mycelium of the fungus.

A

Photobiont

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16
Q

Gains organic nutrients synthesized by the photobiont(s), that is, a source of carbohydrates for growth.

A

Fungus

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17
Q

Recently, according to new research, individual lichens may contain up to ____ different fungi

A

three

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18
Q

3 Lichen growth forms

A
  1. Crustose (crust-like)
  2. Foliose (leaflike)
  3. Fruticose (shrub-like or three dimensional)
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19
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical and usually attached to substrate by rhizines

A

Foliose

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20
Q

Attached over the entire thallus to the substrate

A

Crustose

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21
Q

Radially symmetrical, algal cells surrounded by an outer layer of fungal cells.

A

Fruticose

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22
Q

Substrate of crustose

A

Rock

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23
Q

Substrate of foliose

A

Bark

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24
Q

Substrate of fruticose

A

Wood

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25
Q

Example of fruticose species

A

Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue

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26
Q

Example of foliose species

A

Parmotrema tinctorum

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27
Q

Example of crustose species

A

Caloplaca marina

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28
Q

Three other lichen growth forms

A
  1. Leprose
  2. Placodioid
  3. Squamulose
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29
Q

Small scales, often overlapping, attached at one edge.

A

Squamulose

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30
Q

A diffuse powdery mass of fungal hyphae and algal cells, with little or no structure.

A

Leprose

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31
Q

Crustose, but with lobes towards the margin.

A

Placodioid

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32
Q

Two examples of leprose species

A
  1. Chrysothrix candelaris

2. Chrysothrix chlorina

33
Q

Example of squamulose species

A

Psora pseudorusselli

34
Q

Example of placodioid species

A

Caloplaca thallincola

35
Q

Example of foliose gelatinous

A

Collema nigrescens

36
Q

A term for lichen that is either bush-like or leafy;

A

Macrolichen

37
Q

The term for all other lichens

A

Microlichen

38
Q

“macro” and “micro” do not refer to ___, but to the ______

A

size, growth form

39
Q

Variety of substrates provide ____ and ____ to the lichen

A

relative permanence, surface stability

40
Q

Six known lichen substrates

A
  1. Rock
  2. Tree
  3. Wood
  4. Soil
  5. Manmade materials
  6. Long-live animals that have persistent parts such as exoskeleton
41
Q

Five examples of manmade materials that serve as lichen substrate

A
  1. Cloth
  2. Paper
  3. Glass
  4. Iron
  5. Leather
42
Q

Term for lichens that live on glasses

A

Vitricolous

43
Q

Term for lichens that thrive in plant leaves

A

Foliicolous

44
Q

Lichen species that can survive in space and Mars environment

A

Xanthoria elegans

45
Q

5 Importance of Lichens

A
  1. Forest ecosystem dynamics
  2. Environmental quality indicator
  3. Forest disturbance indicator
  4. Dyes, perfumes, traditional medicines
  5. Edible lichens (for reindeers)
46
Q

4 potential lichen taxa for medicine and cosmetics

A
  1. Parmotrema sp.
  2. Bulbothrix sp.
  3. Hypotrachyna sp.
  4. Leptogium sp.
47
Q

Taxa of cyanolichens and nitrogen fixers

A

Leptogium sp.

48
Q

Potential lichen taxa that are a source of usnic acid, food for deer, and medicine and flavoring agent.

A

Usnea sp.

49
Q

Lichens are used as long-term air quality indicators because they are ____ and remain ____ for many years

A

slow-growing, alive

50
Q

Three atmospheric pollutants where lichens are very sensitive to

A
  1. Sulfur dioxide
  2. Nitrogen oxides
  3. Other strongly oxidizing compounds
51
Q

Rank lichens according to decreasing sensitivity to air pollution (3)

A
  1. Fruticose lichens
  2. Foliose lichens
  3. Crustose lichens
52
Q

Abundant when clean air is available

A

Fruticose and foliose

53
Q

Abundant when air is polluted

A

More tolerant crusty lichens (crustose, placodioid?)

54
Q

Abundant when there is high pollution

A

None

55
Q

Term when there is no lichens to be found at all

A

Lichen deserts

56
Q

Lichen growth forms that have antibacterial activities

A

Fruticose lichens

57
Q

Lichen species richness is challenging to determine because it requires considerable ____ and _______.

A

Sampling effort, taxonomic identification

58
Q

11 factors that affect lichen richness

A
  1. Light availability
  2. Topographical situation
  3. Exposure
  4. Relative humidity
  5. Bark pH
  6. Bark attributes (smooth, fissured)
  7. Age of bark surface
  8. Air pollution
  9. Aspects
  10. Removal of hosts
  11. Environmental changes
59
Q

How many sampling quadrats in a transect?

A

2

60
Q

Interval of sampling quadrats in a transect

A

150 m

61
Q

Dimensions of the quadrat

A

10x10 m

62
Q

Where is diversity and monitoring of epiphytic lichens carried out?

A

Living trees >10 cm at dbh

63
Q

Trees will be selected and tagged on each of the _____ per site.

A

Two quadrats

64
Q

To get comparable data, both the lichen species and their ____ are assessed per quadrat.

A

frequencies

65
Q

Using the compass, the frequency measurement ___, at each of the tagged trees is collected.

A

at four cardinal directions

66
Q

Collections are done at the ______ of the tree in a _____ sampling grid.

A

lower trunk (1.3 m from the ground), 10x 50 cm

67
Q

How many frequency ladders are set up?

A

Four

68
Q

To get each lichen species’ frequency per tree, count the ____ in which the species occurs. List all the lichen-forming species which occur inside the _____

A

number of grids, four frequency ladders

69
Q

The area investigated on one tree is always ___, namely the ____ covered by the four frequency ladders.

A

the same, 2000 cm^2

70
Q

For each lichen, count the _____ in which the lichen species occurs (value from _____). But fruticose lichens obtain from fallen branches/twigs within the monitoring plots will be included as ____.

A

number of unit areas (10x10 cm), 1-20, opportunistic data

71
Q

Lichens samples containing ____ will be scraped from the tree using sharp knives. Then kept in properly labeled ____, ___, ____, and _____.

A

necessary taxonomic features, brown specimen paper bags, air dried, photo-documented, processed for identification

72
Q

Lichen diversity values (LDV) for each plot are computed using the sum of _____ of the tree trunk.

A

lichen taxa frequencies on the north, east, south, and west aspects

73
Q

LDV formula

A

LDV = lichen taxa frequency of north + lichen taxa frequency of south, lichen taxa frequency of east +lichen taxa frequency of west

74
Q

_____ will be used for developing a scale for the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve covering the three sites in this exercise.

A

Local Interpretative scales of Asta et al. (2002) and Loppi (1996)

75
Q

Used in Macrolichen assessment & collection

A

Lichen assessment and monitoring protocol (Stofer et al. 2003)

76
Q

Used in lichen and host identification

A

Morpho-anatomical and chemical characterization

77
Q

Used in lichen diversity analysis

A

Computation procedures of Asta et al. (2002)

78
Q

Used in Bark collection & pH determination (2)

A
  1. ib & ob of 50 trees

2. bark pH protocol by Kricke (2002)

Biodiversity (5 decks)

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