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Ecosystems diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biological community where organisms interact with its immediate environment

A

Ecosystem

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2
Q

Synonym of Ecosystem

A

Nature

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3
Q

All the living organisms, such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi

A

Biotic Components

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4
Q

Physical features like soil type, water conditions, topography, temperature, rainfall

A

Abiotic components

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5
Q

Interactions of biotic and abiotic can flourish only if there is ___ and ____ inside the ecosystem

A

stability, balance

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6
Q

Often easier to catalog due to the availability of tools and instruments (e.g.rain gauge, thermometers, soil chemistry measuring kits, etc.)

A

Abiotic components

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7
Q

Often more complex, and require careful observations of individual organism, populations, communities of species, their interactions

A

Biotic components

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8
Q

Ecosystem is an ___ concept

A

abstract

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9
Q

There are no ____ among ecosystems

A

discrete boundaries

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10
Q

There is no _____ of how many ecosystems are there in the biosphere

A

basis of counting

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11
Q

2 Schools of Ecology

A
  1. Individualistic

2. Holistic

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12
Q

Transition area between two biological communities

A

Ecotone

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13
Q

Meaning of ecotones based on etymology

A

a place where ecologies are in tension

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14
Q

Greek word for tension

A

tonos

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15
Q

Ecotones define the ____ between ecosystem

A

boundary

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16
Q

In individualistic school of ecology, ____ individuals spread

A

most fitted

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17
Q

Communities appear to be divided by a narrow transition area only when the environmental gradient is ___

A

abrupt

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18
Q

Organisms tend to cram in a very narrow gradient making them appear as if they are _____ (population living in the same place)

A

sympatric

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19
Q

A statistical technique in individualistic school of ecology in which data from a large number of sites or populations are represented as points in a two- or three-dimensional coordinate frame

A

Ordination

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20
Q

Process of identifying and describing discrete vegetation units (entities) in holistic school of ecology

A

Entitation

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21
Q

In ordination, observations from field samples precede ______ for that particular area

A

classification of vegetation

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22
Q

Entitation precedes _____

A

field sampling

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23
Q

Approach that works inductively

A

Individualistic approach

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24
Q

Approach that work deductively

A

Holistic approach

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25
Q

Ecosystem diversity is an expression of the interrelationships between ____ and their ____, fundamental to which is the continual transfer of energy and chemicals between the ____ and ____ component parts

A

Organisms, environment, organic, inorganic

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26
Q

Variety of ecosystems or habitats in a region

A

Ecosystem or ecological diversity

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27
Q

Large collection of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat

A

Biomes

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28
Q

7 Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems in the World

A
  1. TRF in humid tropics
  2. Semi-arid
  3. Grasslands
  4. Tundra
  5. Savannah
  6. TDF in humid tropics
  7. Temperate Coniferous Forest
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29
Q

5 Philippine Biomes and Formation

A
  1. Mixed Dipterocarp forests
  2. Mangrove forests
  3. Deciduous Molave forest
  4. Semi-evergreeen dipterocarp forest
  5. Beach forest
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30
Q

2 ways of defining ecosystems diversity

A
  1. Number of different species assemblages

2. Number of habitats

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31
Q

Ecosystem diversity is referenced to _____ from landscape up to region

A

spatial scales

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32
Q

Two units of nature

A
  1. Functional

2. Compositional

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33
Q

Include the biogeographical regions of the world at a large scale analysis, and different vegetation associations at a fine scale.

A

Compositional

34
Q

Include biomes or ecoregions scheme which can be more finely subdivided based on the physiognomy of the grounds

A

Functional

35
Q

Relates the distribution of major ecosystem types to gradients of annual precipitation and energy regime.

A

Life Zone classification

36
Q

What is the major driver of formation of different ecosytems?

37
Q

Major driver of evolution

38
Q

Refers to the reciprocal evolution of two species that have close ecological relationships but do not exchange genes in the process

A

Co-evolution

39
Q

3 Kinds of Co-evolution

A
  1. Predation
  2. Herbivory
  3. Pollination
40
Q

The hawk moth uses its long, specially adapted proboscis to pollinate the Madagascar star orchid. What is the scientific name of hawk moth and Madagascar star orchid?

A 
Hawk moth (Xanthopan morganii)
Madagascar star orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale)
41
Q

Similar adaptations may be produced independently by unrelated organisms, usually in response to similar environmental conditions

A

Convergent evolution

42
Q

True or False. Similar habitats always lead to convergent evolution

43
Q

Examples of convergent evolution

A
  1. Bats and birds

2. Placental vs. Marsupial animals

44
Q

2 Families that are adapted to desert

A
  1. Cactaceae

2. Euphorbiaceae

45
Q

Adaptation of cacti and euphors

A

Succulence

46
Q

____ in Cacti and _____ in Euphorbs have been reduced to ____ to conserve water by reducing surface area compared to broad or flat leaves

A

Leaves, stipules, spines

47
Q

Euphorb vs Cactus spine

A

Euphorbs: in pairs
Cactus: in groups of three or more

48
Q

In order to survive in any type of environment, an organism must develop ____ to ensure their survival and continue their generation!

A

adaptations

49
Q

6 Constraints of a Terrestrial Environment

A
  1. Obtaining and transporting water
  2. Acquiring and transporting nutrients
  3. Exploiting an energy source
  4. Providing structural support for plant body
  5. Mechanism of reproduction
  6. Dispersal
50
Q

Adaptation of plants to conserve water

A

Restricting plant growth to limited habitats under very specialized conditions

51
Q

3 plant adaptations to obtain light energy

A
  1. Tendrils
  2. Leaf holes
  3. Broadleaf
52
Q

3 Adaptations for structural support

A
  1. Upright stem
  2. Tendrils
  3. Prop/stilt roots
53
Q

Mechanism of reproduction among angiosperms

A

Double fertilization

54
Q

3 Dispersal mechanisms

A
  1. Wings to catch wind
  2. Fruit to attract animals
  3. Barbs with which to stick to
55
Q

For more accurate ecosystem diversity assessment, vegetation scientists developed schemes that combine both ____ and ____ information

A

physiognomic, floristic

56
Q

5 Environmental conditions in a desert

A
  1. Less than 25 cm of rain per year
  2. Rainfall occurs in short periods and often in enormous downpours
  3. Characterized by high-pressure zones and high temperatures, but nighttime temperatures can be much lower.
  4. Due to limited vegetative cover, there is little water vapor in the atmosphere to prevent radiation of heat at night.
  5. Due to global air circulation, rain is forced to fall before it enters the desert biomes.
57
Q

Location of deserts

A

30 degrees north and south of the equator

58
Q

5 Plant Adaptations to Water Supply in the Desert

A
  1. Succulent tissues
  2. Shallow rooted
  3. Perennials: Very deep roots to reach very low water table
  4. Perennials: Massive water storing roots
  5. Spherical shape to minimize evaporation
59
Q

4 Plant Adaptations to Sunlight (Desert)

A
  1. CAM metabolism to avoid excessive water loss during the day
  2. C4 photosynthesis
  3. CO2 stored in vacuoles
  4. Stomatal opening during the night
60
Q

How many families of plants possess CAM metabolism?

61
Q

Give examples of families with CAM metabolism

A
  1. Crassulaceae
  2. Euphorbiaceae
  3. Cactaceae
  4. Asteraceae
  5. Asclepiadaceae
  6. Vitaceae
  7. Orchidaceae
  8. Bromeliaceae
62
Q

4 Defense mechanisms against herbivory (desert)

A
  1. Spines
  2. Toxic substances in leaves
  3. Mimicry
  4. Noticeable flowers for pollinators
63
Q

7 Environmental conditions in a rainforest

A
  1. Warm temperatures
  2. High rainfall (200-400 cm/yr)
  3. Fairly constant temperatures
  4. Nutrient-poor soils
  5. Very low light intensity (less than 1% penetrate the forest floor)
  6. Canopy layer (where most of the diversity exists) is subject to intense sunlight and wind.
  7. Diverse life forms but are vulnerable to overexploitation
64
Q

2 Plant Adaptations to Excess Water Supply in Rainforests

A
  1. Drip tips to prevent buildup of water

2. Highly divided leaves

65
Q

Plant Adaptations to Limited Sunlight in Rainforests

A
  1. Tendrils
  2. Thin bark
  3. Specialize cells to focus light on leaf interior
66
Q

Defense mechanism of plants against herbivory in TRF

A
  1. Toxins
  2. Thick and tough leaves
  3. Fungicidal properties
  4. Hard and dense wood
  5. Oval leaves with drip tip
67
Q

Enumerate the 9 Stations

A 
Desert
1: Herbivory defense mechanism
2: Light tolerance mechanism
3: Water loss
4: Convergent evolution
5: Mutualism
TRF
6: Allelochemical defense mechanisms
7: Commercial/Economic Importance
8: Accessing Light
9: Water tolerance
68
Q

Where is the sphagnum located in Bryophytes

69
Q

How much does bryophytes cover in the Earth’s surface

70
Q

How much carbon do bryophytes in high latitudes sequester?

71
Q

What is the effect of climate change in the sphagnum of bryophytes?

A

Increasing decomposition rate causing a release of CO2 in the atmosphere

72
Q

Pteridophytes are primitive vascular plants that are intermediate between ____ and ____.

A

bryophytes, ferns

73
Q

Two oldest plants found in the fossil record and whose decay is responsible for the oil reserves we use today

A
  1. Equisetum

2. Mares tails

74
Q

Club mosses that looks like hanging plant flurry in branches

A

Lycopodium

75
Q

Naked seed (cone-bearing) w/ pollen, seed can avoid desiccation.

A

Gymnosperms

76
Q

Bear pollen as a reward for pollination, have fruiting seeds

A

Angiosperms

77
Q

2 Types of Angiosperms

A
  1. Monocots

2. Dicots

78
Q

How many species of angiosperms?

A

235,000 species

79
Q

4 examples of Gymnosperms

A
  1. Norfolk Island Pine
  2. Gnetum gnemon
  3. Cycad cones
  4. Ginko
80
Q

Species of cone-bearing trees

A

Gnetum gnemon

81
Q

Species that grows in the ground and suffers from overcollection

82
Q

Species that have fan-shaped leaves with cones growing on the ground. Also, they are dioecious

Biodiversity (5 decks)

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