Fungal Diversity Flashcards
1
Q
Eukaryotic group of microscopic organisms that feed on organic matter and reproduce by spores
A
Fungi
2
Q
Fungi include? (4)
A
- Molds
- Yeast
- Mushroom
- Toadstools
3
Q
True or False. Fungi can be prokaryotic.
A
True
4
Q
4 things you should know about fungi
A
- Distinct kingdom within Domain Eukarya
- Estimated 1.5 M species on Earth
- Mostly terrestrial and eukaryotic
- Divided into 5 major Phyla
5
Q
Fungi encompass a highly diverse and _____ assemblage of organisms
A
polyphyletic
6
Q
Organisms derived from many ancestors and therefore should not be placed in one taxon
A
Polyphyletic
7
Q
Cells with membrane-bound organelles
A
Eukaryotic cells
8
Q
Division of fungi based on animal affinity
A
Chytridomycota
9
Q
4 Divisions of Fungi based on Plant Affinity
A
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Asexual fungi
10
Q
Division of fungi based on algal affinity
A
Oomycota
11
Q
2 fungus under Chytridomycota
A
- Potato wart disease fungus
2. Mycorrhizae
12
Q
2 fungus under Zygomycota
A
- Pin moulds (Mucor)
2. Peziza
13
Q
2 fungus under Ascomycota
A
- Yeast
2. Dutch elm disease pathogen
14
Q
2 fungus under Basidiomycota
A
- Mushroom
2. Toadstool
15
Q
2 fungus under asexual fungi
A
- Penicillium
2. Aspergillus
16
Q
3 fungus under Oomycota
A
- Potato blight
- Root-rot fungus
- Damping-off pathogen
17
Q
3 zoosporic fungi divisions
A
- Chytridomycota (Blastocladiales)
- Chytridomycota (Monoblepharidales)
- Chytridomycota (Chytridiales, Neocallimastigales, Spizellomycetales, Basidiobolus)
18
Q
Outgroup fungi division
A
Microsporidia
19
Q
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
A
Glomeromycota
20
Q
5 Distinct Characteristics of Fungi
A
- Chitinous cell walls
- Non-photosynthetic (lack chlorophyll and plastids)
- Grows best in moist habitats
- Filamentous body plane
- Reproduce by spores
21
Q
Nonmotile reproductive cells
A
Spores
22
Q
Polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans
A
Chitin
23
Q
Multicellular filaments
A
hyphae
24
Q
2 types of hyphae
A
- Septate
2. Non-septate
25
Cells of hyphae are ___ and ___ and connected from _____
long, threadlike, end-to-end
26
The whole body of any fungus
Mycelium
27
Spores are usually produced on ____
Aerial hyphae
28
Allow the spores to easily reach new areas
Aerial hyphae
29
2 Modes of producing spores
1. Mitosis (asexually)
| 2. Meiosis (sexually)
30
Spores contain ____ cells
Haploid
31
During sexual reproduction, the hyphae of 2 genetically distinct mating types come together and the cytoplast is fused into one
Plasmogamy
32
3 Groups of Fungi based on life cycle
1. Multicellular filamentous moulds
2. Macroscopic filamentous fungi
3. Single-celled microscopic yeasts
33
Alternative term for Macroscopic filamentous fungi
Mushroom
34
Macroscopic filamentous fungi form ____?
Large fruiting bodies
35
2 types of fungi under larger (macroscopic fungi)
1. Subterranean fungi (truffles)
| 2. Above-ground fungi
36
2 fungi under Above-ground fungi
1. Basidiomycetes
| 2. Ascomycetes (cup and flask fungi)
37
3 Fungi under Basidiomyctes
1. Gasteromycetes
2. Polypore
3. Coral, tooth and club fungi
38
2 structures composing Ascocarp?
1. Asci
| 2. Mass of protective vegetative hyphae
39
True or false. Ascomycota have varied forms of ascocarps
True
40
Alternative term for Ascomycota
sac fungi
41
Other known fungi under Ascomycota aside from yeast
1. Powdery mildew
2. Blue-green molds
3. Pink molds
4. Brown molds
42
Ascomycota causes ____
food spoil
43
Cup fungi that produces apothecium usually attached on decaying wood
Peziza
44
Peziza has mycelium constructed of loose ____ ____ underneath, with tightly packed spore-producing structures (___) on top
dikaryotic hyphae, asci
45
Has black, hemispherical stroma (fruiting body)
Daldinia
46
Has hairy and colorful apothecium
Cookenia
47
Basidiomycota is characterized by the production of ______
sexual basidiospores
48
Spore-bearing structures of Basidiomycota
Basidia
49
Contains basidia
Basidiocarp
50
Thin plates on the lower surface of the cup that extends radially from the stalk to the edge of the cap
Gills
51
Alternative term for Basidiomycetes
Club fungi
52
Alternative term for Basidiomycetes
Club fungi
53
4 ecological importance of Fungi
1. Decomposers
2. Symbiotic relationship with other organisms (e.g., lichens)
3. Symbiotic relationship with animals
4. Carriers of diseases
54
Releases carbon and other mineral components of organic compounds in the environment
Decomposers
55
Economic and Medicinal Uses of Fungi
1. Source of food and beverage
2. Some species have anti-cancer and disease-curing potentials
3. Can cure some diseases
4. Aid in the production and preservation of food products
56
2 Types of Diversity Assessment Methods
1. Classical
| 2. Modern
57
What does the classical approach provide? (2)
1. Species list for every study
| 2. Basic information about the species through the combination of species lists from different studies
58
Disadvantage of Classical Approach
Not applicable to certain field situations
59
What does the Modern Approach provide (2)
1. Differences at the protein and/or DNA level.
| 2. Increased genetic resolution for unequivocal taxonomic identification and phylogenetic assessment of fungi
60
2 Characteristics of Classical Approach
1. Time-consuming considering fungi may take a long time to produce sporocarps
2. Problems on intraspecific variations in morphology and chemistry
61
2 Characteristics of Modern Approach
1. Not influenced by environmental conditions and may be used to determine the genetic structure of fungal populations.
2. Extensive genetic analysis of very small tissue samples
62
7 Methods under Classical Method
1. Opportunistic method
2. Substrate-based method
3. Moist chambers
4. Culturing
5. Area-based plot
6. Transect-based method
7. Sampling Conspicuous Macrofungi using Fixed-size plots
63
Production of fruiting bodies from collected substratum inside a closed container.
Moist chambers method
64
Comparisons of fungal communities using plot-
| based methods have been made between areas receiving different treatments
Area-based plot
65
Use of isolation techniques to assess microscopic fungi
Culturing
66
Sampling method for fungi with distinct and discrete resources, host, or substratum.
Substrate-based method
67
Alternative term for the substrate-based method
Log-based method
68
Collection of the fruiting body along trails
Opportunistic method
69
The opportunistic method is a rapid assessment for a potential site for _____
conservation
70
Disadvantage of opportunistic method
Tendency to overlook other fungal species in inconspicuous habitat
71
3 Steps of opportunistic method
1. Carefully walk through the selected study site, covering many habitats within the site as possible.
2. Collect conspicuous sporocarps/fruiting bodies.
3. Collection will be done adjunct to the plot-based quantitative methods as additional macrofungi species will be seen “off plot” as result of the patchy distribution of sporocarps.
72
Example of substrates for fungi
1. Large woody debris
2. Snags
3. Dung
4. Animal corpses
73
Substrate-based method is either a ____ or _____ method.
plot-based, band-transect
74
What is the size of the plot along transects in substrate-based method?
1m x 1m
75
What are the substrates in plot-based or band-transect approach in substrate-based methods
1. Leaf
2. Litter
3. Small branches
76
____ and ___ are used for soil fungi and ectomycorrhiza
Larger plots and transect bands
77
3 Advantages of Moist chambers
1. Lower cost because agar media and incubators not required
2. Less airborne contamination
3. More complete identification
78
5 Disadvantages of Moist chambers
1. Greater difficulty in observing many taxa simultaneously
2. Greater difficulties in recognizing and separating species in mixed communities
3. Suppression of growth of some taxa as a result of competition among fungal and bacterial species in host tissue
4. Conditions in moist chambers suboptimal for sporulation of some species
5. Absence of cultures for subsequent studies.
79
3 modes of culturing
1. Agar media
2. Leaf wash
3. Particle filtration
80
3 benefits of culturing
1. Additional systematic characters for use in identification and determining relationships
2. Living cells for genetic analyses
3. Opportunity to screen for technological applications
81
Used in sites with differing environmental conditions
Area-based plot
82
In area-based plot, areas receive ____ treatments
different
83
3 Characteristic of areas or purposes where area-based plot can be used
1. Areas under consideration for conservation or for inventorying for prioritizing conservation of rare species
2. Different plant communities or plant associations
3. Study the effects of air pollutants on fungi
84
Determine how populations vary along environmental gradients
Transect-based method
85
4 applications of transect-based method
1. Simple environmental gradient
2. Complex environmental gradient
3. Fungi with living plant hosts that have clumped distribution
4. Identifying patterns of host specialization in relation to host diversity and dispersion patterns.
86
One example of single environmental gradient
temperature gradient
87
One example of complex environmental gradient
Elevation gradient in which temperature, moisture, and other factors vary in concern
88
How many transects are made in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
15 transects
89
How long are each transect in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
50m
90
How transects are laid in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
In parallel to one another at 10-m intervals
91
What are used to mark transects?
Flags or stakes
92
What is the distance of marks to each other in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
5m
93
Each transect is assigned a ____, and each flag should be ____ sequentially within a transect
unique letter, number
94
Used to circumscribe five 2m circular subplots around each flag in a transect
Rope
95
Length of rope in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
1.262 m
96
How many subplots per transect in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
Ten subplots
97
Area of subplots in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots??
5 square meters
98
Total subplots in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
150 subplots
99
Total sampling area in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?
750 square meters/plot or 0.075 ha/plot
100
What are used to label all macrofungi occurring in a subplot? (2)
1. Transect letter
| 2. Subplot number
101
Where is the collected macrofungi stored?
Appropriate bag or container
102
Noted for each specimen in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots
Substratum (soil, leaf litter, wood)
103
Prepared prior to collection in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots (2)
1. Field data sheets
| 2. Labels
104
Bases of collection in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots (2)
1. Condition and quality of specimen
| 2. Study goal
105
Characteristics of sporocarps that are left (2)
1. Too old
| 2. Too immature
106
Characteristics of specimens that are collected in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots
Specimens that give more information such as sporocarp development
107
Included during collection to aid in identification (2)
1. Substratum
| 2. Nearby unidentified plant
108
Include in the notes if ____ into the substratum was required.
digging
109
____ and other specialized parts should be noted in labelling
Colors
110
8 Elements included in labelling
1. Collection number
2. Collector's name
3. Date and location
4. Plot number
5. Notes on associated vegetation
6. Substratum
7. Microhabitat
8. Ephemeral characters of the sporocarp
111
5 Steps in collection and documentation of fungi
1. Take photographs
2. Collect tissue cultures
3. Set up spore prints
4. Writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features
5. Preserving the specimens for later identification and monitoring
112
In writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features, prioritize documenting attributes of ____ specimens
fresh
113
In writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features, there should be ____ labeling and cataloging for all collections (unique ____)
consistent, collection numbering systems
114
In writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features, ____ must be kept
Field diary
115
____that contain necessary information are also required in writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features of fungi
Pre-printed forms
116
3 Methods of preserving the specimens for later identification and monitoring
1. Air drying
2. Heat source
3. Use of silica gel
117
9 tools and equipment for collection of fungi
1. Cutting and digging tools
2. Container or wrapping material for each specimen
3. Bagsor sheets of waxed paper for fleshy fungi
4. Small plastic boxes
5. Vials
6. Fishing tackle or toolboxes
7. Paper bags or other containers
8. A larger container for transporting specimens in the field and back to the lab
9. Labels for each specimen
118
3 quantitative indices for species richness
1. Numerical species richness
2. Species Density
3. Total Species Richness
119
The number of species in a sample in which the area, volume, or weight of the sampling unit has been standardized.
Species Density
120
Cumulative number of species based on a series of samples from a habitat or substratum
Total Species Richness:
121
S depends on the? (3)
1. Size in a particular habitat, biome, or area
2. Number in a particular habitat, biome, or area.
3. Dispersion of samples in a particular habitat, biome, or area
122
The number of species in a sample in which the biomass or number of individuals has been standardized.
Numerical species richness
123
What is the modern method in fungi diversity assessment?
Molecular Analysis
