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Biodiversity > Fungal Diversity > Flashcards

Fungal Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic group of microscopic organisms that feed on organic matter and reproduce by spores

A

Fungi

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2
Q

Fungi include? (4)

A
  1. Molds
  2. Yeast
  3. Mushroom
  4. Toadstools
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3
Q

True or False. Fungi can be prokaryotic.

A

True

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4
Q

4 things you should know about fungi

A
  1. Distinct kingdom within Domain Eukarya
  2. Estimated 1.5 M species on Earth
  3. Mostly terrestrial and eukaryotic
  4. Divided into 5 major Phyla
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5
Q

Fungi encompass a highly diverse and _____ assemblage of organisms

A

polyphyletic

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6
Q

Organisms derived from many ancestors and therefore should not be placed in one taxon

A

Polyphyletic

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7
Q

Cells with membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

Division of fungi based on animal affinity

A

Chytridomycota

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9
Q

4 Divisions of Fungi based on Plant Affinity

A
  1. Zygomycota
  2. Ascomycota
  3. Basidiomycota
  4. Asexual fungi
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10
Q

Division of fungi based on algal affinity

A

Oomycota

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11
Q

2 fungus under Chytridomycota

A
  1. Potato wart disease fungus

2. Mycorrhizae

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12
Q

2 fungus under Zygomycota

A
  1. Pin moulds (Mucor)

2. Peziza

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13
Q

2 fungus under Ascomycota

A
  1. Yeast

2. Dutch elm disease pathogen

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14
Q

2 fungus under Basidiomycota

A
  1. Mushroom

2. Toadstool

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15
Q

2 fungus under asexual fungi

A
  1. Penicillium

2. Aspergillus

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16
Q

3 fungus under Oomycota

A
  1. Potato blight
  2. Root-rot fungus
  3. Damping-off pathogen
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17
Q

3 zoosporic fungi divisions

A
  1. Chytridomycota (Blastocladiales)
  2. Chytridomycota (Monoblepharidales)
  3. Chytridomycota (Chytridiales, Neocallimastigales, Spizellomycetales, Basidiobolus)
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18
Q

Outgroup fungi division

A

Microsporidia

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19
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

Glomeromycota

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20
Q

5 Distinct Characteristics of Fungi

A
  1. Chitinous cell walls
  2. Non-photosynthetic (lack chlorophyll and plastids)
  3. Grows best in moist habitats
  4. Filamentous body plane
  5. Reproduce by spores
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21
Q

Nonmotile reproductive cells

A

Spores

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22
Q

Polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans

A

Chitin

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23
Q

Multicellular filaments

A

hyphae

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24
Q

2 types of hyphae

A
  1. Septate

2. Non-septate

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25
Q

Cells of hyphae are ___ and ___ and connected from _____

A

long, threadlike, end-to-end

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26
Q

The whole body of any fungus

A

Mycelium

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27
Q

Spores are usually produced on ____

A

Aerial hyphae

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28
Q

Allow the spores to easily reach new areas

A

Aerial hyphae

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29
Q

2 Modes of producing spores

A
  1. Mitosis (asexually)

2. Meiosis (sexually)

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30
Q

Spores contain ____ cells

A

Haploid

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31
Q

During sexual reproduction, the hyphae of 2 genetically distinct mating types come together and the cytoplast is fused into one

A

Plasmogamy

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32
Q

3 Groups of Fungi based on life cycle

A
  1. Multicellular filamentous moulds
  2. Macroscopic filamentous fungi
  3. Single-celled microscopic yeasts
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33
Q

Alternative term for Macroscopic filamentous fungi

A

Mushroom

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34
Q

Macroscopic filamentous fungi form ____?

A

Large fruiting bodies

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35
Q

2 types of fungi under larger (macroscopic fungi)

A
  1. Subterranean fungi (truffles)

2. Above-ground fungi

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36
Q

2 fungi under Above-ground fungi

A
  1. Basidiomycetes

2. Ascomycetes (cup and flask fungi)

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37
Q

3 Fungi under Basidiomyctes

A
  1. Gasteromycetes
  2. Polypore
  3. Coral, tooth and club fungi
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38
Q

2 structures composing Ascocarp?

A
  1. Asci

2. Mass of protective vegetative hyphae

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39
Q

True or false. Ascomycota have varied forms of ascocarps

A

True

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40
Q

Alternative term for Ascomycota

A

sac fungi

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41
Q

Other known fungi under Ascomycota aside from yeast

A
  1. Powdery mildew
  2. Blue-green molds
  3. Pink molds
  4. Brown molds
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42
Q

Ascomycota causes ____

A

food spoil

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43
Q

Cup fungi that produces apothecium usually attached on decaying wood

A

Peziza

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44
Q

Peziza has mycelium constructed of loose ____ ____ underneath, with tightly packed spore-producing structures (___) on top

A

dikaryotic hyphae, asci

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45
Q

Has black, hemispherical stroma (fruiting body)

A

Daldinia

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46
Q

Has hairy and colorful apothecium

A

Cookenia

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47
Q

Basidiomycota is characterized by the production of ______

A

sexual basidiospores

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48
Q

Spore-bearing structures of Basidiomycota

A

Basidia

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49
Q

Contains basidia

A

Basidiocarp

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50
Q

Thin plates on the lower surface of the cup that extends radially from the stalk to the edge of the cap

A

Gills

51
Q

Alternative term for Basidiomycetes

A

Club fungi

52
Q

Alternative term for Basidiomycetes

A

Club fungi

53
Q

4 ecological importance of Fungi

A
  1. Decomposers
  2. Symbiotic relationship with other organisms (e.g., lichens)
  3. Symbiotic relationship with animals
  4. Carriers of diseases
54
Q

Releases carbon and other mineral components of organic compounds in the environment

A

Decomposers

55
Q

Economic and Medicinal Uses of Fungi

A
  1. Source of food and beverage
  2. Some species have anti-cancer and disease-curing potentials
  3. Can cure some diseases
  4. Aid in the production and preservation of food products
56
Q

2 Types of Diversity Assessment Methods

A
  1. Classical

2. Modern

57
Q

What does the classical approach provide? (2)

A
  1. Species list for every study

2. Basic information about the species through the combination of species lists from different studies

58
Q

Disadvantage of Classical Approach

A

Not applicable to certain field situations

59
Q

What does the Modern Approach provide (2)

A
  1. Differences at the protein and/or DNA level.

2. Increased genetic resolution for unequivocal taxonomic identification and phylogenetic assessment of fungi

60
Q

2 Characteristics of Classical Approach

A
  1. Time-consuming considering fungi may take a long time to produce sporocarps
  2. Problems on intraspecific variations in morphology and chemistry
61
Q

2 Characteristics of Modern Approach

A
  1. Not influenced by environmental conditions and may be used to determine the genetic structure of fungal populations.
  2. Extensive genetic analysis of very small tissue samples
62
Q

7 Methods under Classical Method

A
  1. Opportunistic method
  2. Substrate-based method
  3. Moist chambers
  4. Culturing
  5. Area-based plot
  6. Transect-based method
  7. Sampling Conspicuous Macrofungi using Fixed-size plots
63
Q

Production of fruiting bodies from collected substratum inside a closed container.

A

Moist chambers method

64
Q

Comparisons of fungal communities using plot-

based methods have been made between areas receiving different treatments

A

Area-based plot

65
Q

Use of isolation techniques to assess microscopic fungi

A

Culturing

66
Q

Sampling method for fungi with distinct and discrete resources, host, or substratum.

A

Substrate-based method

67
Q

Alternative term for the substrate-based method

A

Log-based method

68
Q

Collection of the fruiting body along trails

A

Opportunistic method

69
Q

The opportunistic method is a rapid assessment for a potential site for _____

A

conservation

70
Q

Disadvantage of opportunistic method

A

Tendency to overlook other fungal species in inconspicuous habitat

71
Q

3 Steps of opportunistic method

A
  1. Carefully walk through the selected study site, covering many habitats within the site as possible.
  2. Collect conspicuous sporocarps/fruiting bodies.
  3. Collection will be done adjunct to the plot-based quantitative methods as additional macrofungi species will be seen “off plot” as result of the patchy distribution of sporocarps.
72
Q

Example of substrates for fungi

A
  1. Large woody debris
  2. Snags
  3. Dung
  4. Animal corpses
73
Q

Substrate-based method is either a ____ or _____ method.

A

plot-based, band-transect

74
Q

What is the size of the plot along transects in substrate-based method?

A

1m x 1m

75
Q

What are the substrates in plot-based or band-transect approach in substrate-based methods

A
  1. Leaf
  2. Litter
  3. Small branches
76
Q

____ and ___ are used for soil fungi and ectomycorrhiza

A

Larger plots and transect bands

77
Q

3 Advantages of Moist chambers

A
  1. Lower cost because agar media and incubators not required
  2. Less airborne contamination
  3. More complete identification
78
Q

5 Disadvantages of Moist chambers

A
  1. Greater difficulty in observing many taxa simultaneously
  2. Greater difficulties in recognizing and separating species in mixed communities
  3. Suppression of growth of some taxa as a result of competition among fungal and bacterial species in host tissue
  4. Conditions in moist chambers suboptimal for sporulation of some species
  5. Absence of cultures for subsequent studies.
79
Q

3 modes of culturing

A
  1. Agar media
  2. Leaf wash
  3. Particle filtration
80
Q

3 benefits of culturing

A
  1. Additional systematic characters for use in identification and determining relationships
  2. Living cells for genetic analyses
  3. Opportunity to screen for technological applications
81
Q

Used in sites with differing environmental conditions

A

Area-based plot

82
Q

In area-based plot, areas receive ____ treatments

A

different

83
Q

3 Characteristic of areas or purposes where area-based plot can be used

A
  1. Areas under consideration for conservation or for inventorying for prioritizing conservation of rare species
  2. Different plant communities or plant associations
  3. Study the effects of air pollutants on fungi
84
Q

Determine how populations vary along environmental gradients

A

Transect-based method

85
Q

4 applications of transect-based method

A
  1. Simple environmental gradient
  2. Complex environmental gradient
  3. Fungi with living plant hosts that have clumped distribution
  4. Identifying patterns of host specialization in relation to host diversity and dispersion patterns.
86
Q

One example of single environmental gradient

A

temperature gradient

87
Q

One example of complex environmental gradient

A

Elevation gradient in which temperature, moisture, and other factors vary in concern

88
Q

How many transects are made in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

15 transects

89
Q

How long are each transect in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

50m

90
Q

How transects are laid in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

In parallel to one another at 10-m intervals

91
Q

What are used to mark transects?

A

Flags or stakes

92
Q

What is the distance of marks to each other in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

5m

93
Q

Each transect is assigned a ____, and each flag should be ____ sequentially within a transect

A

unique letter, number

94
Q

Used to circumscribe five 2m circular subplots around each flag in a transect

A

Rope

95
Q

Length of rope in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

1.262 m

96
Q

How many subplots per transect in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

Ten subplots

97
Q

Area of subplots in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots??

A

5 square meters

98
Q

Total subplots in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

150 subplots

99
Q

Total sampling area in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots?

A

750 square meters/plot or 0.075 ha/plot

100
Q

What are used to label all macrofungi occurring in a subplot? (2)

A
  1. Transect letter

2. Subplot number

101
Q

Where is the collected macrofungi stored?

A

Appropriate bag or container

102
Q

Noted for each specimen in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots

A

Substratum (soil, leaf litter, wood)

103
Q

Prepared prior to collection in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots (2)

A
  1. Field data sheets

2. Labels

104
Q

Bases of collection in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots (2)

A
  1. Condition and quality of specimen

2. Study goal

105
Q

Characteristics of sporocarps that are left (2)

A
  1. Too old

2. Too immature

106
Q

Characteristics of specimens that are collected in sampling conspicuous macrofungi using fixed-size plots

A

Specimens that give more information such as sporocarp development

107
Q

Included during collection to aid in identification (2)

A
  1. Substratum

2. Nearby unidentified plant

108
Q

Include in the notes if ____ into the substratum was required.

A

digging

109
Q

____ and other specialized parts should be noted in labelling

A

Colors

110
Q

8 Elements included in labelling

A
  1. Collection number
  2. Collector’s name
  3. Date and location
  4. Plot number
  5. Notes on associated vegetation
  6. Substratum
  7. Microhabitat
  8. Ephemeral characters of the sporocarp
111
Q

5 Steps in collection and documentation of fungi

A
  1. Take photographs
  2. Collect tissue cultures
  3. Set up spore prints
  4. Writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features
  5. Preserving the specimens for later identification and monitoring
112
Q

In writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features, prioritize documenting attributes of ____ specimens

A

fresh

113
Q

In writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features, there should be ____ labeling and cataloging for all collections (unique ____)

A

consistent, collection numbering systems

114
Q

In writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features, ____ must be kept

A

Field diary

115
Q

____that contain necessary information are also required in writing descriptions and describing macro-morphological features of fungi

A

Pre-printed forms

116
Q

3 Methods of preserving the specimens for later identification and monitoring

A
  1. Air drying
  2. Heat source
  3. Use of silica gel
117
Q

9 tools and equipment for collection of fungi

A
  1. Cutting and digging tools
  2. Container or wrapping material for each specimen
  3. Bagsor sheets of waxed paper for fleshy fungi
  4. Small plastic boxes
  5. Vials
  6. Fishing tackle or toolboxes
  7. Paper bags or other containers
  8. A larger container for transporting specimens in the field and back to the lab
  9. Labels for each specimen
118
Q

3 quantitative indices for species richness

A
  1. Numerical species richness
  2. Species Density
  3. Total Species Richness
119
Q

The number of species in a sample in which the area, volume, or weight of the sampling unit has been standardized.

A

Species Density

120
Q

Cumulative number of species based on a series of samples from a habitat or substratum

A

Total Species Richness:

121
Q

S depends on the? (3)

A
  1. Size in a particular habitat, biome, or area
  2. Number in a particular habitat, biome, or area.
  3. Dispersion of samples in a particular habitat, biome, or area
122
Q

The number of species in a sample in which the biomass or number of individuals has been standardized.

A

Numerical species richness

123
Q

What is the modern method in fungi diversity assessment?

A

Molecular Analysis

Biodiversity (5 decks)

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