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Coldspot and Hotspot Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of UNIQUE areas on Earth

A

Biologically rich but highly threatened

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2
Q

3 threats to rich biodiversity

A
  1. Urbanization
  2. Pollution
  3. Disease outbreak
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3
Q

Today, species are going extinct at the _____ rate

A

unimaginable

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4
Q

Areas or region on earth which are among the richest in terms of biodiversity but at the same time the most endangered bio-region in the planet

A

Biodiversity hotspot

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5
Q

Biodiversity hotspots must have at least ____ vascular plants as endemics

A

1,500

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6
Q

Biodiversity hotspots must have a high percentage of plant life found ____ on the planet.

A

nowhere else

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7
Q

A hotspot is _____

A

irrepleaceable

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8
Q

Hotspots must have ___ or less of its original natural vegetation threatened

A

30%

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9
Q

When was the word “biodiversity hotspot” coined?

A

1988

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10
Q

Who is the British ecologist who coined the word “biodiversity hotspot”

A

Norman Myers

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11
Q

Norman Myers identified ____ “hotspots” as areas with both ____ and ____

A

exceptional levels of plant endemism, serious levels of habitat loss

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12
Q

How many percent of all species of vascular plants are confined in 25 hotspots?

A

~44%

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13
Q

How many percent of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined in the 25 hotspots?

A

35%

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14
Q

hotspot expanses comprise ____ of the red areas

A

30±3%

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15
Q

On a global scale, the 25 hotspots are mostly located in the ____

A

tropics

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16
Q

The intact habitats of those in the 25 hotspots represent just ____ of land’s surface but they support more than ____ of the world’s plant species as endemics

A

2.5%, half

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17
Q

The hotspots in the tropics comprise nearly ___ of birds, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species as _____

A

43%, endemics

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18
Q

4 criteria used for the “hottest hotspot”

A
  1. Numbers of endemics (plants/vertebrates)
  2. Endemic species/area
  3. Ratios for both plants and vertebrates
  4. Rate of habitat loss
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19
Q

2 Reasons why Biodiversity hotspots matter

A
  1. Biodiversity underpins all life on Earth

2. Biodiversity hotspots serves as natural habitats of human civilization

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20
Q

How does biodiversity underpins all life on Earth? (3)

A
  1. Loss of species would mean no air to breathe
  2. No food to eat, no water to drink
  3. No human society will succeed
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21
Q

How do biodiversity hotspots serve as a natural habitat for human civilization? (2)

A
  1. Hotspots are among the richest and most important ecosystems
  2. Home to many vulnerable populations who are directly dependent on nature
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22
Q

Hotspots make up ____ of the vital “ecosystem services” that vulnerable human populations rely upon

A

35%

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23
Q

Four ecosystem services provided by hotspots

A
  1. Climate stability
  2. Nutrient recycling and storage
  3. Pollution breakdown and absorption
  4. Protection of water resources
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24
Q

What are the 10 most threatened biodiversity hotspots

A
  1. Atlantic Forest
  2. Polynesia
  3. Cerado
  4. Himalaya
  5. Cape Floral Region
  6. Coastal Forest
  7. Mesoamerica
  8. Indo-Burma-Myanmar
  9. Philippines
  10. Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands
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25
Q

What are the four countries that the Atlantic Forest covers?

A
  1. Brazil
  2. Paraguay
  3. Argentina
  4. Uruguay
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26
Q

How many plant species are in the Atlantic Forest?

A

20,000

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27
Q

How many species on Atlantic Forest are endemic

A

8,000 species

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28
Q

How large is the original cover of the Atlantic forest?

A

1.2 million square km

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29
Q

How large is the remaining cover of the Atlantic forest?

A

100,000 square kilometers

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30
Q

What are the three threats to the cover of Atlantic forest?

A
  1. Coffee plantation
  2. Cattle ranching
  3. Urbanization
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31
Q

What are the two regions that Polynesia covers? (2)

A
  1. Micronesia

2. South Pacific Ocean

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32
Q

Area of Polynesia

A

41,285 square km

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33
Q

What are the four biomes in Polynesia?

A
  1. Coastal wetlands
  2. Coral atolls
  3. Savannas
  4. TRF
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34
Q

Polynesia is famously known for being?

A

Epicenter of the present global extinction crisis

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35
Q

How many endemic bird species are present in Polynesia?

A

90

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36
Q

How many bird species in Polynesia had become extinct in 2 centuries?

A

25

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37
Q

Two threats to the population of bird species in Polynesia

A
  1. Invasive species

2. Overhunting

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38
Q

In what country is Cerrado located?

A

Brazil

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39
Q

Reputation of Cerrado Brazil

A

Largest woodland savannah in South America

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40
Q

How many are the threatened bird species in Cerrado?

A

10

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41
Q

How many are the threatened endemic plant species in Cerrado?

A

4,400

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42
Q

3 threatened fauna species in Cerrado

A
  1. Armadillo
  2. Jaguar
  3. Giant anteater
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43
Q

How large is the remaining cover of Cerrado?

A

450,000 square kilometers

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44
Q

2 Threats in biodiversity of Cerrado

A
  1. Agriculture

2. Animal farming

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45
Q

6 Countries covered by Himalaya

A
  1. Nepal
  2. Bhutan
  3. Pakistan
  4. Bangladesh
  5. Myanmar
  6. China
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46
Q

Area of Himalaya

A

More than 185,427 square kilometers

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47
Q

4 Natural landscapes in Himalayas

A
  1. Alluvial grasslands
  2. Mountains
  3. Subtropical broadleaf forests
  4. Alpine meadows
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48
Q

Fraction of remaining natural landscapes in Himalaya

A

1/4

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49
Q

4 animal species that still reside in Himalaya

A
  1. Wild water buffalo
  2. Vultures
  3. Tigers
  4. Elephant
50
Q

In what region is Cape Floral Region located?

A

South Africa

51
Q

The reputation of the Cape Floral Region

A

World’s largest concentration of diverse plant species per square km

52
Q

How many diverse plant species are in Cape Floral Region?

53
Q

How many plant species was determined as threatened in Cape Floral Region?

54
Q

How many plant species in the Cape Floral Region are endemic?

55
Q

2 Important Animals in the Cape Floral Region?

A
  1. Cape sugar-bird

2. Geometeric tortoise

56
Q

In what region is the Coastal Forest located?

A

Eastern Africa

57
Q

Where is the Coastal forest exactly located?

A

Eastern coast of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique

58
Q

2 Critically endangered monkey species in coastal forest?

A
  1. Mangabey Monkey

2. Colobus Monkey

59
Q

Threat to the biodiversity of the Coastal Forest?

A

Agricultural expansion for commercial farming and subsistence agriculture

60
Q

How many percent is the remaining forest cover in Coastal forests?

61
Q

8 Countries covered by Mesoamerica

A
  1. Mexico
  2. Guatemala
  3. Belize
  4. Honduras
  5. El Salvador
  6. Nicaragua
  7. Costa Rica
  8. Panama
62
Q

How many plant species are in Mesoamerica?

63
Q

Mesoamerica is home to incredible numbers of endemic ___, ___, and ____

A

mammals, birds, amphibians

64
Q

Mesoamerica is home to? (2 animals)

A
  1. Howler monkey

2. Quetzal

65
Q

Area of remaining forest cover of Mesoamerica

A

226,000 square km

66
Q

5 Countries covered by Indo-Burma-Myanmar

A
  1. Thailand
  2. Cambodia
  3. Vietnam
  4. China
  5. India
67
Q

How many endemic plant species are in Indo-Burma-Myanmar?

68
Q

Percent of remaining habitat of Indo-Burma-Myanmar

69
Q

3 Important Animals in the Indo-Burma-Myanmar?

A
  1. Annamite striped rabbit
  2. Large-antlered muntjac
  3. Freshwater turtle
70
Q

2 types of forest in Indo-Burma-Myanmar?

A
  1. Tropical forest

2. Subtropical moist broadleaf forest

71
Q

In what ocean is the Philippines located?

A

Pacific Ocean

72
Q

The reputation of the Philippines in terms of biodiversity

A

richest areas in biodiversity globally

73
Q

How many endemic species are in the Philippines

74
Q

2 bird species in the Philippines with an indefinite number?

A
  1. Philippine Eagle

2. Cebu flowerpecker

75
Q

Percent remaining forest cover of the Philippines

76
Q

How large is the original forest cover of the Philippines?

77
Q

Where is Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands located?

78
Q

Percent lost woodlands in the Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands

79
Q

Threat to the woodland cover of Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands?

80
Q

How many endemic plant species are in the Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands?

81
Q

What is the Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands known for?

A

Millions of Monarch Butterfly

82
Q

Areas that have low species diversity but that doesn’t mean they should be ignored

A

Cold Spots

83
Q

Some biodiversity coldspots are home to some _____

A

very rare animals

84
Q

If the aim is to conserve and protect the overall biodiversity, it is better to allow the _____ in a hotspot if this would permit the protection of the same number of species in a coldspot.

A

loss of some species

85
Q

What is the cold spot of Ecuador

86
Q

Percent biodiversity of Ecuador in Montana

87
Q

How many vertebrates are in Ecuador?

A

2,446 vertebrates

88
Q

How many vascular plants are in Ecuador?

89
Q

The protection of Montana will also have a direct impact on the neighboring national park that houses unique organisms. What is the national park?

A

Yellowstone National Park

90
Q

A country that is not in the hotspot least but deserves urgent attention as it serves as a habitat for some of the most threatened animals

91
Q

2 Methods of Assessing Conservation Status

A
  1. DAO 2017-11

2. IUCN Red List

92
Q

When was the DAO 2017-11 published?

A

May 2, 2017

93
Q

The subject of DAO 2017-11

A

Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories

94
Q

Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, or infraspecific categories facing an extremely high risk of extinction

A

Critically-endangered species

95
Q

One example of critically endangered species

A

Olea palawanensis (Palawan olive)

96
Q

Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, or forma that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factor continues operating.

A

Endangered Species

97
Q

One example of endangered species

A

Kibatalia stenopetala (Pasnit-kitid)

98
Q

Naturally existing population of a species that can be distinguished by one of more morphological features

99
Q

Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, and other intraspecific categories that are not critically endangered or endangered but is under threats from adverse factors throughout their range and likely to be endangered

A

Vulnerable species

100
Q

One example of Vulnerable species

A

Brackenridgea foxworthyi (Bansilai)

101
Q

Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, and other intraspecific categories that are not endangered or vulnerable but is under the threat from adverse factors such as over-collection in its natural range and may likely become vulnerable in the near future

A

Other Endangered Species

102
Q

One example of other endangered species

A

Cinnamomum mercadoi (kalingag)

103
Q

World’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species

104
Q

World’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species

A

IUCN Red List

105
Q

Spell Out IUCN acronym

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature

106
Q

IUCN uses a set of precise criteria to evaluate the _____ of thousands of species and subspecies

A

extinction risk

107
Q

2 Reasons for releasing Red Lists

A
  1. Convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policymakers
  2. Help the international community to reduce species extinction
108
Q

2 Reasons for releasing Red Lists

A
  1. Convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policymakers
  2. Help the international community to reduce species extinction
109
Q

4 purposes of Red List

A
  1. Provide scientifically-based information on the status of species at a global level
  2. Draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity
  3. Influence national and international policy and decision-making
  4. Provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity
110
Q

How many species surveyed by the IUCN as of 2019?

111
Q

How many species are considered at risk of extinction in the IUCN Red List because of various human activity?

112
Q

9 IUCN categories

A
  1. Extinct
  2. Extinct in the Wild
  3. Critically endangered
  4. Endangered
  5. Vulnerable
  6. Near Threatened
  7. Least Concern
  8. Data deficient
  9. Not evaluated
113
Q

Three IUCN categories considered as “threatened”

114
Q

Three IUCN categories considered as “lower risk”

115
Q

3 Mountain Ecosystems to Compare in Exercise 8

A
  1. Mt Iglit-Baco Natural Park
  2. Mt. Iraya
  3. Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary
116
Q

Where is Mt Iglit-Baco Natural Park located?

A

Sablayan, Mindoro

117
Q

Where is Mt. Iraya located?

A

Batanes Island

118
Q

Where is Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary located?

A

Northwest of Mindoro

119
Q

Endemic species in Mt. Iglit-Baco

A

Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)

120
Q

Inactive volcano in Batanes Island

121
Q

Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary forms the ___ extremity of Mindoro

A

northwestern

Biodiversity (5 decks)

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