Libertarianism

Question 1

What are the key themes?

Answer 1

Individualism
Freedom
Reason
Justice
Tolerance

Question 2

What is Lokes social contract theory?

Answer 2

Agreement between the government and the governed on how government shall work
If govt don’t follow agreement should be overthrown

Question 3

What does Loke believe the job of the government is?

Answer 3

They should protect natural rights free speach, thoughts and worship

Question 4

Liberal view on human nature?

Answer 4

Huge nature has capacity to bring out progress and uneding ability to forge human happiness
-Individuals guided principally by reason rationalism so calculated answers to all states of problems
-Mankind innate reason is manifested in debate discussion peaceful argument and measures examination of ideas and opinion
-Not just accept whatever life offers but humans have capacity to plan own future
-Assume rationality is feature in human nature

Question 5

Origins of liberalism- Luther’s view?

Answer 5

Individuals seeking to communicate with god, to understand gods command no longer rely on priest popes and other intermediaries
-Christianity could become individualistic in character with each man undertake own privilege and undertake gods work in own way

Question 6

Origins- what is enlightenment and what was it defined by?

Answer 6

Took place in 17th and 18th century
Belief in reason rather than faith and thus promised relentless debate and scrutinising any unacceptable

Question 7

Origins- 3 radical ideas in 17th and 18th events?

Answer 7

-Challenge absolute power of the monarchy advocate constitutional and representative government
-Criticised political and financial privilege of the land aristocracy of feudal system social class and birth
-Movement towards freedom of conscious in religion question authority

Question 8

Origins- liberal ideas emerging from enlightenment?

Answer 8

Each individual is someone with free will, judge own interest and shaped by individuals actions and decisions

Question 9

Origins- John Loke?

Answer 9

questioned individuals and government, defined why and how individuals should defer to those who govern
Humans were endowed with power of logic, calculation and deductions

Question 10

Origins- What is the mechanists theory?

Answer 10

Mankind is ration and capable of devising a state reflection man kind needs
Designed to rebuff notions like divine rights of kings
Arguing state reflects gods will and obedience to state was religious duty

Question 11

Who are the key thinkers?

Answer 11

John Locke
John Stuart Mill
John Rawls
Thomas Hill Green
Mary Wollstonecraft
Betty Friedan

Question 12

John Loke summary?

Answer 12

Natural rights liberties and individual
Fiduciary power of govt

Question 13

John stuart mill summary?

Answer 13

Criticism of hedonism, freedom integrity and self respect of individual
Self regarding and other regarding actions

Question 14

John Rawls summary?

Answer 14

Concept of justice, principles of justice

Question 15

Thomas Hill Green summary?

Answer 15

Self development/role of state
Negative and positive freedom

Question 16

Mary Wollstonecraft summary?

Answer 16

Equality and rights
revolution controversy
Criticisms of aristocracy and republicanism

Question 17

Betty Friedan summary?

Answer 17

Equal rights, civil right and feminist movements in the USA

Question 18

Lokes view on human nature?

Answer 18

Egotistical
Rational
Progressive
Individualism

Question 19

Loke human nature- egotistical?

Answer 19

All humans driven by self nature
(self realisation- discovering true strengths)
(self determination- master of own faith)
(self fulfilment- make most of talent)
If these aren’t fulfilled we are left de emerged and our lives a waste
Female thinkers like Wollstone believes its said for women

Question 20

Loke human nature- Rational?

Answer 20

Rational and respectful
Shows us selfishness and disrespect can rebound our disadvantage
If we don’t respect others right to peruse self realisation, may not respect our pursuits

Question 21

Loke human nature- progressive?

Answer 21

Human nature progressive with a better understanding of world and greater education
-Developmental individualism- Mill says that we should focus on what individuals could become and emphasis role of education
-Better to be socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied
-Human beginnings are guided by pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain

Question 22

Loke- human nature individualism?

Answer 22

Belief that the supreme importance of the individual over any social group of collective body

Question 23

Loke- view of society?

Answer 23

-In the state of nature things weren’t to bad, natural rights proceed to the state
-Emphasis on individuals, society should focus on providing freedom and society denying individual dysfunction
-Private property vital, ‘prism’ through individuals developing potential, providing opperitunity with civilised behaviour

Question 24

John Lokes- the state?

Answer 24

Social contract theory
Individuals surrender small part of autonomy to a state so that stable social life can continue
State can only exist as individuals agree to exist

Question 25

Adam Smith- the state?

Answer 25

3 legitimate function
-Maintain the system of justice
-Defence against foreign aggression
-Maintaining public work

Question 26

The origins of the state?

Answer 26

Loke worried w/o structure the resolution of clashing is concerning and might not be efficient
-Individualism could be impeded by state and dispute between competing individuals so state os required to obliterate effectively between the two competing claims of rational individuals

Question 27

What are the liberal state objectives?

Answer 27

-Rejecting traditional state
-Government by const
-Promotion of natural right individuals
-promotion of tolerance
-Meritocracy
-Equality of opportunity
-Justice

Question 28

Objectives- Rejecting traditional state?

Answer 28

-Reject a state marked by monarchical absolute rule
Renouncing the start of state where powers concentrated in hands of one individual
-Liberal state would be especially contentious of any govt that claims a divine right to govern according to a subjective and thus irrational perception perception of god wills

Question 29

Objective- government by const?

Answer 29

Liberals insist states legitimate if those under jurtication have effectives volunteer to be under jurisdiction
-Individual should not be subjects of the government but will have ultimate control over it
-Social contact theory

Question 30

Objectives- promotion of natural rights?

Answer 30

Liberals always assume that before any formal state created individual enjoy natural rights that enable self relation, determine and individual
-So they believe only rational reason to submit to the state would be if its not respecter buy promotes natural rights ensuring more safter for state of nature

Question 31

Objectives- Promotion of tolerance?

Answer 31

-Mill insisted the state should tolerated all action and opinions unless its shown to violate the harm principle that individuals should be free to do and say anything unless cause harm
-Early liberals aware that individuals congregate into religious community’s
-Feminists Betty Freidan believe its shifted to tolerate race, gender etc

Question 32

Objectives- meritocracy?

Answer 32

Power only exercised by those that are seen worthy of it such as effort and talent winning trust of governed, no guarantee of decent
-Traditional style was hereditary (Thomas Payne justified this during french rev)

Question 33

Objectives- equality of opportunity?

Answer 33

All individuals born equal and have natural right and value
Equality of opportunity develop potential achieve control over own life
If fail to fulfill potential they must show response and not blame state

Question 34

Objectives- justice?

Answer 34

State should embody justice
Individuals treated fairley w/o regard to identity
Must have jisy outcome for any complaint expressed and satisfactory resolution to grievance they have will other individuals

Question 35

Liberal state- constitution and liberal govt?

Answer 35

-Contract between governed and government
-Rationalism, extensive discussion and consensus over government should do and how they don’t
-Control obituary rule of monarchical state who rules often did whatever
-Described as a limited govt
-Ensures govt must govern according to prearranged rules (ad-hoc)
-Prevents eroding Govt, the natural rates of citizen e.g Bill or rights

Question 36

Method and structure- fragmented govt?

Answer 36

Limited govt
-Rationality of man kind if individuals are reasonable and self determination, seems logical to emphasise as any individuals as possible in the exercise of state functions

Question 37

Method and structure- US constitution?

Answer 37

Series of checks and balance
Bicameral
BOR
SC
Devolution