Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Politics- paper 3 > Libertarianism > Flashcards

Libertarianism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key themes?

A

Individualism
Freedom
Reason
Justice
Tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Lokes social contract theory?

A

Agreement between the government and the governed on how government shall work
If govt don’t follow agreement should be overthrown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Loke believe the job of the government is?

A

They should protect natural rights free speach, thoughts and worship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Liberal view on human nature?

A

Huge nature has capacity to bring out progress and uneding ability to forge human happiness
-Individuals guided principally by reason rationalism so calculated answers to all states of problems
-Mankind innate reason is manifested in debate discussion peaceful argument and measures examination of ideas and opinion
-Not just accept whatever life offers but humans have capacity to plan own future
-Assume rationality is feature in human nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Origins of liberalism- Luther’s view?

A

Individuals seeking to communicate with god, to understand gods command no longer rely on priest popes and other intermediaries
-Christianity could become individualistic in character with each man undertake own privilege and undertake gods work in own way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Origins- what is enlightenment and what was it defined by?

A

Took place in 17th and 18th century
Belief in reason rather than faith and thus promised relentless debate and scrutinising any unacceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Origins- 3 radical ideas in 17th and 18th events?

A

-Challenge absolute power of the monarchy advocate constitutional and representative government
-Criticised political and financial privilege of the land aristocracy of feudal system social class and birth
-Movement towards freedom of conscious in religion question authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Origins- liberal ideas emerging from enlightenment?

A

Each individual is someone with free will, judge own interest and shaped by individuals actions and decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Origins- John Loke?

A

questioned individuals and government, defined why and how individuals should defer to those who govern
Humans were endowed with power of logic, calculation and deductions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Origins- What is the mechanists theory?

A

Mankind is ration and capable of devising a state reflection man kind needs
Designed to rebuff notions like divine rights of kings
Arguing state reflects gods will and obedience to state was religious duty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who are the key thinkers?

A

John Locke
John Stuart Mill
John Rawls
Thomas Hill Green
Mary Wollstonecraft
Betty Friedan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

John Loke summary?

A

Natural rights liberties and individual
Fiduciary power of govt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

John stuart mill summary?

A

Criticism of hedonism, freedom integrity and self respect of individual
Self regarding and other regarding actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

John Rawls summary?

A

Concept of justice, principles of justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thomas Hill Green summary?

A

Self development/role of state
Negative and positive freedom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft summary?

A

Equality and rights
revolution controversy
Criticisms of aristocracy and republicanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Betty Friedan summary?

A

Equal rights, civil right and feminist movements in the USA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lokes view on human nature?

A

Egotistical
Rational
Progressive
Individualism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Loke human nature- egotistical?

A

All humans driven by self nature
(self realisation- discovering true strengths)
(self determination- master of own faith)
(self fulfilment- make most of talent)
If these aren’t fulfilled we are left de emerged and our lives a waste
Female thinkers like Wollstone believes its said for women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Loke human nature- Rational?

A

Rational and respectful
Shows us selfishness and disrespect can rebound our disadvantage
If we don’t respect others right to peruse self realisation, may not respect our pursuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Loke human nature- progressive?

A

Human nature progressive with a better understanding of world and greater education
-Developmental individualism- Mill says that we should focus on what individuals could become and emphasis role of education
-Better to be socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied
-Human beginnings are guided by pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Loke- human nature individualism?

A

Belief that the supreme importance of the individual over any social group of collective body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Loke- view of society?

A

-In the state of nature things weren’t to bad, natural rights proceed to the state
-Emphasis on individuals, society should focus on providing freedom and society denying individual dysfunction
-Private property vital, ‘prism’ through individuals developing potential, providing opperitunity with civilised behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

John Lokes- the state?

A

Social contract theory
Individuals surrender small part of autonomy to a state so that stable social life can continue
State can only exist as individuals agree to exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Adam Smith- the state?
3 legitimate function -Maintain the system of justice -Defence against foreign aggression -Maintaining public work
26
The origins of the state?
Loke worried w/o structure the resolution of clashing is concerning and might not be efficient -Individualism could be impeded by state and dispute between competing individuals so state os required to obliterate effectively between the two competing claims of rational individuals
27
What are the liberal state objectives?
-Rejecting traditional state -Government by const -Promotion of natural right individuals -promotion of tolerance -Meritocracy -Equality of opportunity -Justice
28
Objectives- Rejecting traditional state?
-Reject a state marked by monarchical absolute rule Renouncing the start of state where powers concentrated in hands of one individual -Liberal state would be especially contentious of any govt that claims a divine right to govern according to a subjective and thus irrational perception perception of god wills
29
Objective- government by const?
Liberals insist states legitimate if those under jurtication have effectives volunteer to be under jurisdiction -Individual should not be subjects of the government but will have ultimate control over it -Social contact theory
30
Objectives- promotion of natural rights?
Liberals always assume that before any formal state created individual enjoy natural rights that enable self relation, determine and individual -So they believe only rational reason to submit to the state would be if its not respecter buy promotes natural rights ensuring more safter for state of nature
31
Objectives- Promotion of tolerance?
-Mill insisted the state should tolerated all action and opinions unless its shown to violate the harm principle that individuals should be free to do and say anything unless cause harm -Early liberals aware that individuals congregate into religious community's -Feminists Betty Freidan believe its shifted to tolerate race, gender etc
32
Objectives- meritocracy?
Power only exercised by those that are seen worthy of it such as effort and talent winning trust of governed, no guarantee of decent -Traditional style was hereditary (Thomas Payne justified this during french rev)
33
Objectives- equality of opportunity?
All individuals born equal and have natural right and value Equality of opportunity develop potential achieve control over own life If fail to fulfill potential they must show response and not blame state
34
Objectives- justice?
State should embody justice Individuals treated fairley w/o regard to identity Must have jisy outcome for any complaint expressed and satisfactory resolution to grievance they have will other individuals
35
Liberal state- constitution and liberal govt?
-Contract between governed and government -Rationalism, extensive discussion and consensus over government should do and how they don't -Control obituary rule of monarchical state who rules often did whatever -Described as a limited govt -Ensures govt must govern according to prearranged rules (ad-hoc) -Prevents eroding Govt, the natural rates of citizen e.g Bill or rights
36
Method and structure- fragmented govt?
Limited govt -Rationality of man kind if individuals are reasonable and self determination, seems logical to emphasise as any individuals as possible in the exercise of state functions
37
Method and structure- US constitution?
Series of checks and balance Bicameral BOR SC Devolution
38
Adam smith and the view that the economy is a market entail?
Private enterprise and private ownership Economy’s a market and operate according to freedom if individuals meaning need freedom of choice for jobs and services
39
What is economic liberalism?
Private property like natural rights Individualisation trades cooperation and competition Ultimate benefit to all revealing liberation eternal optimism and belief in progress
40
How does economy liberalism contradict to socialist ideas?
Liberals defend market based economy and refute anti capitalist fundamentalism
41
What is free market economic?
Principle of unrestricted market competition w/o govt interference Smith says if obstacles are swept away the invisible hand of market will lead everyone to success
42
Lassiez faire in relation to the economy?
States should not have economic role and should leave economy alone Oppose all forms of factory legislation Remain strong in the Uk in 19th century and Us 1930
43
What are neo liberal economics and what are there intentions?
Aimed to halt the trend towards govt and dominant western countries Greates initial impact 2 countries which free market economic principles have established Dead hand fundamentals
44
Loke- view on human nature?
Humans are rational and behave in line with there self interest
45
Loke- view on society?
Society predates the state Natural society with natural rights and laws
46
Loke- view on economy?
State should respect private property and abbreviate between individual competition for trade and recourses
47
Loke- view on state?
Representative based in the consent of the governed
48
Mary Wollstonecraft- view on the state?
The monarchical state should be replaced by a republic which enshrines women’s rights
49
Mary Wollstonecraft- view on human nature?
Rationalism defined both gender intellectually men and women are not very different
50
Mary Wollstonecraft- view on society?
Society infantilised women and thus stifled female individualism
51
Mary Wollstonecraft- view on the economy?
A free market economy would be energized by the enterprise of liberated women
52
What is early classical liberalism?
Attempt during 17th and 18th century relating to the ideologies care belief to the political and economic climate in the time
53
What are the 4 features of early classical liberalism?
Revolutionary potential Negative liberty Minimal Laissez-Faire capitalism
54
Early classical liberalism- revolutionary potential?
Consent is vital Loke- wrote at the end of civil war and era of concentration of political power with one person in some major country's Woolstonecroft- women needed to be included in formal education is required for reason
55
Early classical liberalism- Negative liberty?
Freedom involves individuals being left alone to pursue their own destiny -Freedom of absence is restraint, you are free until someone or somethings puts a brake on your actions -Interference of any kind is an infringement on your liberty
56
Early classical liberalism- Minimal state?
This is a reflection of negative liberty -Jefferson 'govt that is best is that which governs least' when govt grows liberty withers'
57
Early classical liberalism- Laissez faire capitalism?
Based on private property Economic system allows private enterprise and capitalism to operate with little or no state interference
58
Who are the key thinkers?
John Loke John Stuart Mill John Rawls Thomas Hill Green Mary Wollstonecraft Betty Friedan
59
John Stuart Mill- view on human nature?
Through fundamentally rational, human nature is not fixed, forever progressive
60
John Stuart Mill- view on state?
The state should proceed cautiously towards representative democracy, mindful minority rights
61
John Stuart Mill- view on the economy?
Lassies Faire capitalism is vital to progress, individual enterprise and individual initiative
62
John Stuart Mill- view on society?
A best society most individuals would choose would be one where the condition of the poorest improvement
63
Agreement on CL and ML on human nature?
-Optimistic view of human nature and progression, they view individualism as morally equal, independent, rationalism, desiring to pursue the good life -Need to be protected and promoted and their should be tolerated of different values beliefs and versions of the goodlife
64
Disagreement of liberalism on human nature?
CL- quality's as innate (egotistical) for individuals and that they develop best when left free ML- Mills view of rationalism needs to be developed and that individuals is more of a reflection on what humans can become Green- HN as clear social dimension argued that freedom achieved by working towards the common good, provided the basis for the state to enable, individual to help themselves providing not just by formal equality but equality of opportunity
65
Agreement of the state ML and CL?
State should be limited by constitutionalism, the fragmentation of power, formal equality for citizens and the rule of law
66
Disagreement of the state ML and CL?
CL- Nightwatchman role, neg freedom ad intervention only justified to prevent harmful actions to others. Representative govt reflecting interests of property owning individuals ML- Enabling state, intervention far greater in order to enable people to be free to pursue individuality in positive freedom. Representative democracy with concern or tyranny of majority. Educations crucial
67
John Loke on the state?
State must be representative based on the consent of governed (social contract)
68
Mary Wollstonecraft on state?
Society infadelised women and thus stifled female individuality
69
John Stuart Mill on state?
The best society is one where individuality co exists with tolerance and self improvement
70
Disagreement of the economy ML and CL?
Emerging from Lokes natural laws, all liberals emphasise the right to property and advocates for an economy based on private property and the best route to create wealth -Property seen as essential to freedom and protect individuals from state
71
Disagreement of the economy ML and CL?
CL and NL- adopt the view that the states only role is to protect property and enforce contract And the market should be left to guide rational individual -Full trade, w/o subsidies, taxes or regulation, most efficient outcome driving economics, creativity for all ML- Interverse economy tax and public spending to manage capitalism so full employment, this reduces poverty so all can be free to choose own versions of good life production in hards of private company as a safeguard of personal liberty
72
John Loke on the economy?
State should respect the natural right to private property and arbitrate effectively between individuals competing for trade and recourses
73
Mary Wollstonecraft on the economy?
A free market economy would be emerged by enterprise of liberated women
74
John Stuart Mill on the economy?
Lassies faire capitalism is vital to progress Individual enterprise and individual initiatives
75
Lokes provenance?
Lived through the civil war -Dislikes absolute monarchs who are unpredicarave and use gods as there researchers -Supports social contract between ruler and ruled and its important to have natural rights protected and private property asweell -Didn't think about women or non land owning classes
76
Wollstonecraft provenance?
Women so says that social contracts needs to be updated for women and its irrational not to -Women should have more rights especially in areas like divorce because her husband left her with a child outside of wedlock -Visits france in revolution criticising Burke and supporting removal of absolute monarch
77
Mill provenance?
1806-73 During industrialisation and aware of how w/c are mistreated His wife was a leading feminist Started calling for developmental individualism so when thinking about what they can become not what they are e.g. more educatinal rights

Politics- paper 3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions