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liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

who are the 5 liberalism thinkers?

A 
John Locke
Mary Wollstonecraft
John Stuart Mill
John Rawls
Betty Friedan
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2
Q

Summarise how John Locke views human nature?

A

Human beings are rational, guided by the pursuit of self-interest, but mindful of others’ concerns

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3
Q

Summarise how John Locke views the state?

A

The state must be representative based on the consent of the governed

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4
Q

Summarise how John Locke views society?

A

Society predates the state: there were ‘natural’ societies with natural laws and natural rights

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5
Q

Summarise how John Locke views The economy?

A

state policy should respect the ‘natural right’ to private property and arbitrate effectively between individuals competing for trade and resources

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6
Q

Summarise how Mary Wollstonecraft views human nature?

A

Rationalism defines both genders: intellectually, men and women are not very different

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7
Q

Summarise how Mary Wollstonecraft views The state?

A

The monarchial state should be replaced by a republic which enshrines women’s rights.

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8
Q

Summarise how Mary Wollstonecraft views society?

A

Society ‘infantilised’ women and thus stifled female individualism

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9
Q

Summarise how Mary Wollstonecraft views The Economy?

A

A free-market economy would be energised by the enterprise of liberated women

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10
Q

Summarise how John Stuart Mill views human nature?

A

Though fundamentally rational human nature is not fixed: it is forever progressing to a higher level

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11
Q

Summarise how John Stuart Mill views The state?

A

The state should proceed cautiously towards representative democracy, mindful of minority rights

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12
Q

Summarise how John Stuart Mill views society?

A

The best society was one where ‘individuality’ co-existed with tolerance and self-improvement

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13
Q

Summarise how John Stuart Mill views The economy?

A

Laissez-faire capitalism was vital to the progress, individual enterprise and individual initiative

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14
Q

Summarise how John Rawls views human nature?

A

Mankind is selfish yet empathetic, valuing both individual liberty and the plight of those around them

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15
Q

Summarise how John Rawls views The state?

A

The state should enable less fortunate individuals to advance via public spending and public services

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16
Q

Summarise how John Rawls views Society?

A

The society most individuals would choose would be one where the condition of the poorest is improved

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17
Q

Summarise how John Rawls views The economy?

A

Free market capitalism should be tempered by the state’s obligation to advance its poorest citizens

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18
Q

Summarise how Betty Friedan views human nature?

A

Human nature has evolved in a way that discourages self-advancement among women

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19
Q

Summarise how Betty Friedan views The state?

A

The state should legislate to prevent continued discrimination against women

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20
Q

Summarise how Betty Friedan views society?

A

Society remained chauvinistic towards women, though women were complicit in their repression

21
Q

Summarise how Betty Friedan views The economy?

A

Free market capitalism could be an ally of female emancipation if allied to legislation precluding sexual discrimination

22
Q

What can you say about the Origins of liberalism?

A

The Enlightenment- intellectual movement that sought to extend these religious ideas into the political and secular spheres
John Locke as father of Liberalism, began to question the relationship between individuals and governments

23
Q

Explain Human nature as one of the core ideas of liberalism

A
  • Denies bleak view of Human nature, instead offers a more optimistic view
  • argues human natures has the potential to bring about progress and an unending ability to forge greater human happiness
  • Individuals guided principally by reason or rationalism
  • human nature allows us to shape our own destiny
  • problems are challenges awaiting reasoned solutions
  • reasoned discussion leads to consensus
  • individuals are naturally self-seeking and self-serving
24
Q

Explain society as one of the core ideas of liberalism

A
  • there is an existence of a “natural society” with “natural laws” and therefore ‘natural laws” all of which preceded the state
  • life before the state was not “nasty, brutish and short” as Hobbes stated but potentially pleasant, civilised and long
  • purpose of civilised society is to facilitate individualism
  • “default setting” of any society is a focus upon individual freedom, any society which seeks to deny individualism is dysfunctional
25
Q

Explain The economy as one of the core ideas of liberalism

A

-devotion to private property informs its approach to the economy
-supports an economy that puts private property at the heart of all economic arrangements
-inevitable liberals should support capitalism
–Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, liberalism has been strongly associated with private enterprise and private ownership of the economy
-strongly linked with its positive view of human nature
-“invisible hand of the market , trickle down effect
-

26
Q

What are the liberal state origins?

A
  • State of nature, referred to what life might have been like before laws, formal rules and governments came into the being
  • still accepts within the state of nature there would have been clashes of interests among individuals
  • state was required to arbitrate effectively between the competing claims of rational individuals
  • individualism in the state of nature could have been impeded by stalemated disputes
27
Q

What are the liberal state objectives?

A 
Rejection of the traditional state
government by consent 
promotion of natural rights/ individualism
promotion of tolerance
meritocracy
equality of opportunity
justice
28
Q

What is meant by the rejection of the traditional state?

A

liberal state renounces the sort of state where power is concentrated in the hands of one individual and exercised randomly
rejected idea of “divine right”

29
Q

What is meant by government by consent?

A

state is only legitimate if those under its jurisdiction have effectively volunteered to be under its jurisdiction
government should always be the servant not the master

30
Q

What is meant by the promotion of natural rights/ individualism?

A

only rational reason to submit to the state if it not only respected but promoted the natural rights ensuring they were more safely and easily exercised in the state of nature

31
Q

What is meant by the promotion of tolerance?

A

state is also concerned to ensure tolerance towards all those individuals who exercise their natural rights
-harm principle

32
Q

What is meant by meritocracy?

A

political power should only be exercised by those worthy
government should have to win the trust of the governed
-need to demonstrate competence and integrity, not necessarily passed down to descendants

33
Q

What is meant by equality of opportunity?

A

belief in Foundational equality every individual is born equal
have to assume total responsibility for failure, not attribute it to the state

34
Q

What is meant by justice?

A

Linked to equality of opportunity state should embody justice
state will treat individuals fairly and justly without regard to their idenitity

35
Q

what are the liberal state’s methods and structures?

A

limited government
fragmented government
formal equality

36
Q

What is meant by limited government?

A

contract between government and governed should be cemented by formal constitution
-ensures government must govern according to prearranged rules and procedures
prevents gov from eroding natural rights

37
Q

What is meant by fragmented government?

A

reaction against pre-enlightenment states were power was concentrated

  • frag gov creates checks and balances
  • is in tune with positive belief in human nature
38
Q

What is meant by formal equality?

A

no one is outside the law

no one is above the law

39
Q

What are the distinctive features of early classical liberalism?

A
  • revolutionary potential
  • negative liberty
  • minimal state
  • laissez faire capitalism
40
Q

What is meant by revolutionary potential?

A

Locke’s philosophy become associated with the glorious revolution of 1688, which duly secured constitutional government

41
Q

What is meant by negative liberty?

A

-notion of freedom that involves individuals being left alone to pursue their destiny
any attempt to interfere with individuals actions may therefore be judged an infringement of liberty
-voltaire and Montesquieu were conscious that individual liberty was vital to self determination and self reliance . Liberty was a vague termed negative liberty was coined

42
Q

What is meant by the minimal state?

A

reflected the concept of negative liberty by minimising state activities confining its areas to defence, protection and private property
liberty seen as the absence of restraint

43
Q

What is meant by laissez-faire capitalism?

A

let it happen approach
‘invisible hand of the market
trickle-down effect had a limitless capacity to enrich society and individuals
spread of free trade

44
Q

Difference in Later Classical Liberalism

A
  • Bentham and Smiles, the liberal state needed to be more proactive due to more clashes among individuals in an industrialised society using the formula “the greatest happiness of the greatest number’ to inform legislation
  • Smiles, feared individualism threatened by the advent of socialism, acknowledged industrialised societies made it harder to be self-reliant argued it challenged individuals more rigorously and meant became more fully developed
  • Spencer sought to apply the theory of natural selection, negative liberty and minimal state would lead to the survival of the fittest and gradual elimination of those unable to enjoy benefits of individualism
  • Mill argued universal suffrage must be preceded by universal education as representative gov changed to representative democracy promote developmental individualism
  • Mill was vague as to how this would be achieved
45
Q

What were the features of modern liberalism?

A

Positive liberty
enlarged and enabling state
constitutional reform/democracy
social liberalism

46
Q

what is meant by positive liberty?

A

individuals left alone are often inhibited rather than free. Such individuals may need enabling so that they are free to exercise their natural rights
social and legal justice was required if individuals were to fulfil their potential

47
Q

What is meant by an enlarged and enabling state?

A

linked to notion of positive liberty an enabling state was one that extended its activities so as to liberate individuals from restrictive social and economic problems thus enabling them to fulfil their potential
-enlarged state guaranteed equality of opportunity necessary to enable individual freedom

48
Q

What is meant by constitutional refrom?

A 
if the state is to be enlarged it must also be improved
support
-enfranchisement
-hra
European union
proportional representation 
do not support
referendum
iniitiatives
out come of eu referendum
49
Q

What is meant by Social liberalism?

A

represents an updated version of the historic liberal belief in tolerance
involves legislation that may criminalise actions that discriminate against individuals on the ground of race, gender, sexual orientation, disability and religious persuasion
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political ideologies (4 decks)

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