Liberal state

Question 1

Globally what was Italy seen as?

Answer 1

“The least of the great powers”

Question 2

What evidence is there of a North-South disparity in Liberal Italy?

Answer 2

In 1910, Northern Italy accounted for 48% of the Nations wealth whereby the south had 27%

Question 3

Where was most industry centred in Liberal Italy?

Answer 3

In the North- Milan, Turin and Genoa accounted for 55% of industrial income

Question 4

Where did many industrial workers in Italy work?

Answer 4

Half of Italy’s 2.2 million industrial workers were employed in the northern provinces of Lombardy, Liguria and Piedmont

Question 5

How much did Exports increase by 1911-14?

Answer 5

4.5%

YET Italy still needed to import raw materials and machinery, and transport links were poor

Question 6

What industry was Italy heavily dependent on?

Answer 6

Agriculture, but again it was the North that benefitted from new crops & Wheat production increased. eg the Po valley was rich

Question 7

How did Giolitti attempt to improve literacy rates?

Answer 7

By placing responsibility for primary schooling on central government

Question 8

What policies were implemented to help Italys poor?

Answer 8

-Raising the minimum working age to 12

-Reducing food taxes to make food more affordable

Question 9

What evidence is there that G’s reforms precipitated an improved living standard for Italians?

Answer 9

By 1914, Italians had the same life expectancy as other Europeans

Question 10

What evidence is there that G’s reforms improved the literacy rate?

Answer 10

in 1900, 69% of Italians were illiterate but by 1911 the national rate of illiteracy had fallen to 37.6%

Question 11

Describe G’s policy towards workers

Answer 11

G enacted a series of reforms to allow workers to strike and hold peaceful protests

By 1910 374 catholic workers unions and the Federation of Agricultural workers represented approximately 240,000 peasants

Question 12

What key social problem remained a debate in Liberal Italy?

Answer 12

Intellectuals and politicians tried to understand the Question Meridonale- Why was the South so backwards and poor?

Question 13

Were people in liberal Italy afflicted by disease?

Answer 13

Between 1910-11, 25,000 people died from cholera in Naples

Question 14

What evidence is there of industrial unrest in Liberal Italy?

Answer 14

There were 1500 strikes from 1901-1911

Question 15

When did Italy invade Libya? Why?

Answer 15

-29 September 1911

-To assert its claim as it was worried about French colonial expansion into Morocco

Question 16

Describe the actions of Italian troops in Libya?

Answer 16

Italy’s Navy seized all ports and coastal towns within 3 weeks, with 70,000 troops committed to the invasion. Libya was formally handed over on 8 October 1911

Question 17

What was the expense of the war in Libya?

Answer 17

1300 million lire & the death of 3500 Italians died

Question 18

What was the Nationalist response to the occupation of Libya?

Answer 18

the Nationalists claimed credit for the policy yet condemned the loss of life

Question 19

What was the response of the PSI to the Libyan occupation? What happened to the moderates?

Answer 19

The PSI argued Italys wealth was being wasted on foreign campaigns and during a temporary alliance between the ANI and the PPI, the moderates were weakened to the extent that the maximalists seized control

Question 20

What can be seen as a ramification of the Libyan war?

Answer 20

The extension of the Franchise in 1912

Question 21

How much of the vote did the PSI win in 1913?

Answer 21

1/4 of the Vote / 79 deputies in parliament

Question 22

How many liberal deputies won seats in the 1913 elections?

Answer 22

318 seats, a loss of 71 seats

Question 23

Who was G reliant on? Why?

Answer 23

G was reliant on the catholics since conservative peasants voted in favour of the church, this hence isolated the PSI and ANI from supporting the liberal state.

This reliance stemmed from the consequences of his extension of the Franchise, whereby during the 1913 elections Lib deputies witnessed a loss of 71 seats from 1909

Question 24

Who was enfranchised in 1912?

Answer 24

Changes made in 1912 widened the voting franchise to include literate men aged 21, men who had served in the army or navy (regardless of whether they were 21 years old), and illiterate men over the age of 30.

YET 70% of the electorate were illiterate

Question 25

What was Giolitti’s method of political coercion called?

Answer 25

Trasformismo

Question 26

How was Trasformismo applied?

Answer 26

G tried to bring newly important political groupings into his government (socialists and catholics) via Trasformismo but this was only a partial success due to the changing political situation by 1911

Question 27

How did G target the PSI?

Answer 27

G targeted the moderate socialist deputies to join his government (since the PSI had 20% of the vote) but those who did were heavily criticised by the maximalists

Question 28

Why was socialism/The PSI increasingly popular?

Answer 28

Many believed the Risorgimento had failed and only socialism could solve Italys problems of political corruption, persistent rural poverty, and widening wealth disparity

Question 29

Why did Giolitti want the support of the Catholic Church?

Answer 29

G wanted the support of the church to help his parliamentary majority but he was more concerned with gaining the support of the PSI. He was also unwilling to give the pope concessions on roman territory and thus unable to solve the Roman Question.

Question 30

When did the pope swing his support in favour of Giolitti?

Answer 30

During the 1913 elections

Question 31

What was G’s most important concession to the socialists?

Answer 31

G’s most important concession to the socialists was in 1906 when he brought in a new policy of non-intervention in Labour disputes and courts to settle pay disputes

Question 32

What was the relationship between the liberals and the ANI?

Answer 32

The Nationalists weren’t willing to work with the liberals making them very difficult to deal with (despite G’s attempts to boost nationalist support via economic modernisation).

Question 33

What policies did the ANI favour?

Answer 33

Steady colonial expansion
A stronger army
A ban on public sector strikes
Stronger police powers

Question 34

What did Socialisms growth in popularity mirror?

Answer 34

Socialisms growth in popularity mirrored Italy’s industrialisation as the population of Italy’s northern cities expanded due to internal migration

Question 35

How many Italians emigrated?

Answer 35

in 1912-13, around 1.5 million Italians emigrated, mostly from the South

Question 36

How did G attempt to placate the PSI?

Answer 36

By offering them social reform such as state subsidised sickness. He also offered leading socialist Bissolati a place in his cabinet- he refused

Question 37

What was the invasion of Libya initially met with?

Answer 37

An outpouring of National enthusiasm

Question 38

When did Giolitti resign?

Answer 38

1914 21st of March due to the collapse of his coalition

Question 39

What did the maximalists call for?

Answer 39

Social revolution; they despised the liberal state

Question 40

When were the ANI formed?

Answer 40

in 1910 under Corradini

Question 41

How did G win the support of the church?

Answer 41

By offering them concessions in return for their support

in this sense he was the first PM to win the organised catholic vote

Question 42

Why did G resign?

Answer 42

-socialists and ANI withdrew their support for his coalition gov (due to catholic co-operation)

-Extending the franchise had led to a situation where mass suffrage meant that actually catholics and nationalists got the most support

Question 43

What did the political situation appear as by 1912?

Answer 43

It appeared that G’s programme of creating a unified Italy had been successful. His social reforms had pacified the PSI, and the Catholic Church was co-operating with the liberals in several areas. Moreover the victory in Libya appeared to galvanise nationalistic support.

Question 44

When were the PSI formed?

Answer 44

1892 under Turati

Question 45

Why was there a sense of enmity from the nationalists towards the liberals foreign policy?

Answer 45

The defeat at Adowa in 1896