Liability 128(1)(b) Flashcards
Sexual Violation by Unlawful Sexual Connection
Section and Penalty
Section 128(1)(b) Crimes Act 1961
20 Years Imprisonment
Sexual Violation by Unlawful Sexual Connection
Ingredients
.1 A person
.2 Has unlawful sexual connection
.3 With another person
.1 A person
Gender neutral proven by judicial notice and circumstantial evidence.
.2 Has unlawful sexual connection
Unlawful Sexual Connection:
Person A has unlawful sexual connection with Person B if Person A has sexual connection with Person B - ,
(a) without Person B’s consent,
AND
(b) without believing on reasonable grounds that Person B consents to the connection.
Sec. 128(3), Crimes Act 1961
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Sexual Connection:
(a) connection effected by the introduction into the genitalia or anus of one person, otherwise than for genuine medical purposes, of -
(i) a part of the body of another person; or
(ii) an object held or manipulated by another person; or
(b) connection between the mouth or tongue of one person an a part of another person’s genitalia or anus; or
(c) the continuation of connection of a kind described in paragraph (a) or (b).
Sec. 2, Crimes Act 1961
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Penetration:
Introduction and penetration have the same meaning. Introduction to the slightest degree is enough to effect a connection.
Sec 2(1A), Crimes Act 1961
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Proof of penetration:
- the complainant’s evidence
- medical examination (DNA & Injuries)
- accused’s admissions
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Genitalia comprises the interior and exterior of reproduction organs, vulva, labia and vagina (including opening)
R v Koroheke
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Genitalia:
Genitalia includes a surgically constructed or reconstructed organ analogous to naturally occurring male or female genitalia. Whether person is male, female, indeterminate sex.
Sec. 2, Crimes Act 1961
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Objects held or manipulated:
Eg vibrator or bottle.
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Consent:
“Consent” is a person conscious and voluntary agreement to something desired or proposed by another.
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Consent must be “full, voluntary, free and informed… freely and voluntarily given by a person in a position to form a rational judgement”.
R v Cox
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Matters that do not constitute consent:
- Not protesting or offering physical resistance
- application of force to self or other, threats of force to self or others, or fear of force to self or others
- asleep or unconscious
- so affected by drugs/alcohol they cannot consent
- so affected by mental or physical impairment they cannot consent
- mistaken ID
- mistaken as to nature and quality of the act.
Sec. 128A, Crimes Act 1961
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Reasonable Grounds - 3 Step Process:
Test 1 - Absence of Consent - Subjective Test
What was the complainant thinking at the time? Was s/he consenting?
Test 2 - Belief in Consent - Subjective Test
If s/he were not consenting did the offender believe the complainant was consenting? i.e. what was the offender thinking at the time?
Test 3 - Reasonable grounds for belief in Consent - Objective Test
If the offender believed the complainant was consenting, was that belief reasonable in the circumstances? Ie what would a reasonable person have believed if placed in the same position as the defendant?
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Under the objective test the Crown must prove that “no reasonable person in the accused’s shoes could have thought the complainant was consenting”
R v Gutuama
.3 With another person
Gender neutral proven by judicial notice and circumstantial evidence.