Leys - Nutrition Flashcards
Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
appetite energy expenditure genotype digestion metabolism availability of food customs presence of disease
_______, _______, and _______ are important regulators of food intake.
leptin
ghrelin
insulin
_______ circulates in the body at levels proportional to _______.
leptin
body fat
_______ signals the brain that the body _______ or _______.
leptin
has had enough to eat
satiety
Adipose tissue produces _______ that regulate _______ to meet the body’s needs.
adipokines
metabolic processes
_______ and _______ regulate _______ that senses cellular energy levels.
AMP
AMP/ATP
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)
_______ regulates _______ in energy-producing and using pathways.
AMPK
rate-limiting enzymes
High levels of _______ activity _______ energy-utilizing pathways and _______ energy-generating pathways.
AMPK
inhibit
stimulate
Increased _______ increases appetite.
ghrelin
_______ favors accumulation of _______ in the visceral fatty tissue.
ghrelin
lipids
_______ for calories changes with _______ and _______. _______ requirements vary with _______ and _______.
estimated average requirements (EAR) age sex estimated daily protein age sex
The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to _______.
the calorie utilization for that day
_______ for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals. The _______ reflects amount that is adequate for half of the population.
recommended daily allowance (RDA)
estimated average requirement (EAR)
Different nutrients have different energy content. _______ has the highest energy content per weight. _______ has a high-energy content.
fat
alcohol
Increases in obesity are correlated with an increase in _______.
the use of high fructose corn syrup
High fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down _______ into _______ using _______ followed by conversion to _______ with _______.
cornstarch glucose amylase fructose glucose isomerase
There are several potential health issues associated with consumption of high fructose corn syrup including: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
mercury exposure hypertension elevated cholesterol long-term liver damage increased risk of diabetes weight gain or obesity
Protein-calorie malnutrition causes a number of health problems including: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport fatty liver liver necrosis and fibrosis depression hypothermia compromised immune function and wound healing decreased cardiac and renal function loss of muscle
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and several cancers including _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.
type II diabetes hypertension and stroke dyslipidemia gall stones respiratory disorders musculoskeletal disorders breast endometrial ovarian gall bladder colon
_______ are not essential and provide no benefit to human health.
trans fatty acids
_______ increase levels of _______ (bad cholesterol).
saturated fats
LDL cholesterol
_______ increase levels of _______ and also lower levels of _______ (good cholesterol), thus increasing the risk of _______.
trans fats
LDL
HDL
coronary heart disease
