Lewis Chapter 50: Endocrine System Flashcards
Which term describes the mechanism of thyroid regulation?
A. Carbohydrate metabolism
B. Negative feedback cycle
C. Prolactin
D. Photoreceptors
B. Negative feedback cycle
Thyroid hormone production and release is regulated by a negative feedback cycle. When circulating levels of thyroid hormone are low, the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which causes the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). High levels of circulating thyroid hormone have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of both TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary gland.
Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B. Thyroxine (T4)
C. Triiodothyronine (T3)
D. Calcitonin
E. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B,C,D. The three hormones produced and secreted by the thyroid gland are calcitonin, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3).
Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the body?
A. Insulin
B. Oxytocin
C. Glucagon
D. Somatostatin
C. Glucagon
Glucagon is synthesized and released from pancreatic α cells in response to low levels of blood glucose, protein ingestion, and exercise. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis.
Which function is associated with the endocrine system? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A. Central nervous system (CNS) development in the fetus
B. Sexual reproduction
C. Responding to emergency demands
D. Digestion of food
E. Regulation of gas exchange in the lungs
A, B, C.
Central nervous system (CNS) development in the fetus is a function of the endocrine system.
Sexual reproduction a function of the endocrine system.
Responding to emergency demands a function of the endocrine system.
Which term describes an organ of the endocrine system that produces hormones?
A. Glands
B. Spleen
C. Bronchioles
D. Neurons
A. Glands
Organs of the endocrine system, referred to as glands, produce hormones which control and regulate specific target tissues
Which characteristic is commonly associated with most hormones? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A. Variable, but predictable secretion rates
B. Regulation by feedback systems
C. Ability to bind to specific target cell receptors
D. Acid–base balance
E. Chemical digestion
A, B, C.
Most hormones have common characteristics including secretion in small amounts at variable but predictable rates.
Most hormones have common characteristics including regulation by feedback systems.
Most hormones have common characteristics including the ability to bind to specific target cell receptors.
Which hormone increases in the body during labour and childbirth?
A. Oxytocin
B. Estrogen
C. Aldosterone
D. Progesterone
A. Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis that acts on the uterus and mammary glands. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions to facilitate childbirth.
Which response by the nurse is appropriate when a patient asks if hormone function can contribute to depression?
A. “Depression has no connection with hormone levels.”
B. “Depression cannot be measured by hormone levels.”
C. “There are several endocrine disorders that can impact anxiety and depression in patients.”
D. “How do you know you are depressed?”
C. “There are several endocrine disorders that can impact anxiety and depression in patients.”
Hormones can also influence behavior. For example, hypothyroidism can cause emotional lability and is responsible for depressive symptoms in 60% of cases. Elevated cortisol levels contribute to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety.
Which factor can increase cortisol levels in the body? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A. Burns
B. Infection
C. Surgical stress
D. Acute anxiety
E. Fever
F. Pregnancy
A, B, C, D, E. Cortisol, the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid, exerts multisystemic effects necessary to maintain life and protect the body from stress. Cortisol levels are increased by burns, surgical stress infection, fever, psychoses, acute anxiety, and hypoglycemia.
Which statement illustrates the concept of the negative feedback system for control of serum cortisol?
A. A decreased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) when serum cortisol is increased.
B. An increased serum cortisol when adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion is decreased.
C. An increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) when serum cortisol is increased.
D. A decreased serum cortisol when adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion is increased.
A. A decreased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) when serum cortisol is increased.
The relationship between cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) relies on negative feedback. Low blood levels of cortisol stimulate the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which acts on the adrenals to secrete cortisol and thereby increase blood cortisol levels.
Which factor inhibits insulin secretion? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct.
A. Low blood glucose
B. Glucagon
C. Somatostatin
D. Hypokalemia
E. Catecholamines
F. Elevated blood pressure
A, B, C, D, E.
Low blood glucose inhibits insulin secretion. A variety of mechanisms carefully modulate insulin secretion to prevent both hypo- and hyperglycemia in the healthy individual.
A variety of mechanisms carefully modulate insulin secretion to prevent both hypo- and hyperglycemia in the healthy individual. Glucagon inhibits insulin secretion.
Somatostatin inhibits insulin secretion. A variety of mechanisms carefully modulate insulin secretion to prevent both hypo- and hyperglycemia in the healthy individual.
A variety of mechanisms carefully modulate insulin secretion to prevent both hypo- and hyperglycemia in the healthy individual. Hypokalemia inhibits insulin secretion.
Catecholamines inhibit insulin secretion. A variety of mechanisms carefully modulate insulin secretion to prevent both hypo and hyperglycemia in the healthy individual.
Which statement by the nurse is appropriate when a patient states that nothing can be done to improve their insulin resistance?
A. “You may be able reduce it by eating fewer simple carbohydrates and reducing body weight.”
B. “That is true, it is based on genetics.”
C. “Don’t worry, you won’t get diabetes.”
D. “We will ask the doctor about it at your next visit.”
A. “You may be able reduce it by eating fewer simple carbohydrates and reducing body weight.”
A chronic overabundance of insulin causes the body to become resistant to its effects over time. Both insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can be corrected with dietary and exercise lifestyle modifications—primarily lowering simple carbohydrate and sugar consumption and decreasing visceral adipose tissue, respectively.
Which of the following is a characteristic common to all hormones?
a. They circulate in the blood bound to plasma proteins.
b. They influence cellular activity of specific target tissues.
c. They accelerate the metabolic processes of all body cells.
d. They enter cells to alter the cell’s metabolism or gene expression.
B.
A client is receiving radiation therapy for cancer of the kidney. The nurse monitors the client for manifestations of damage to which of the following organ(s)?
a. Pancreas
b. Thyroid
c. Adrenal glands
d. Posterior pituitary gland
C.
A client has a serum sodium level of 152 mmol/L. What is the normal hormonal response to this situation?
a. Release of ADH
b. Release of renin
c. Secretion of aldosterone
d. Secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone
A.
