Leukogram Flashcards
define leucocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood
define leucopenia
low white blood cell count
define myeloid
derived from bone marrow
what is the only blood cell group that is not part of the myeloid system
lymphocytes
what does a left shift mean
increased number of immature neutrophils in circulation
what are the two pools of neutrophils
circulating
marginal
which pool of neutrophils do we sample in blood samples
circulating pool
can neutrophils move back and forth between blood and tissues
no - once they leave the blood to enter tissues they will then die after
what is the half life of a neutrophil in circulation
less than 12 hours
what 3 steps need to occur for neutrophils to leave the blood vessels
marginalisation
adhesion
migration
list 4 factors that can trigger a neutrophil shift from marginal to circulating pool
epinephrine
glucocorticoids
infection
stress
List 5 things that can cause neutrophilia
inflammation
steroids
physiological
chronic neutrophil leukaemia
paraneoplastic
List 2 mechanisms by which steroids cause neutrophilia
demarginalisation of neutrophils
decreased extravasation into tissues
mechanism by which dear/excitement causes a neutrophilia
demarginalisation of neutrophils
what is a neutrophil right shift
more mature neutrophils than we would expect
what is neutrophil toxic change
rapid neutropoiesis (shortening time of maturation of neutrophil in the bone)- usually due to a severe infection
how can we diagnose a left shift
more band neutrophils
how can we diagnose toxic change
foamy cytoplasm
diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle bodies
what can cause neutrophil inclusions
bacteria
viruses
protozoa
fungi
what species have heterophils
rabbits
guinea pigs
hamsters
reptiles
avian species
if you have a neutrophilia with no left shift, what does this indicate
Lymphopenia= steroid response
Lymphs normal= excitement response
if you have a neutrophilia with a left shift, what does this indicate
inflammation
what can cause neutropenias
inflammation
decreased pproduction
what can cause decreased neutrophil production
infections
toxicity
neoplasia
marrow necrosis
myelofibrosis
what does neutropaenia with a left shift indicate
acute inflammation
what does neutropaenia with no left shift indicate
acute viral infection or acute marrow injury
why are neutrophils the first thing we see decrease in marrow injuries
as they have the shortest half life
which species (dogs, cats, horses or cows) have the highest marrow reserves of neutrophils
dogs
which species (dogs, cats, horses or cows) have the lowest marrow reserves of neutrophils
cows
why do we more commonly measure APPs in horses and cows
as neutrophils can be affected easier by inflammation in these species
once lymphocytes leave the circulation, are they recycled
yes - they go through the lymph system, back into the blood stream
what are reactive lymphocytes
lymphocytes that increase in size due to antigen stimulation
what are granular lymphocytes
lymphocyte with reddish, azurophilic granules
what stimulates lymphocytes to become reactive
T or B cells
what can cause lymphocytosis
Catecholamine mediated splenic contractions
chronic inflammation
young animals or recent vaccination
lymphoproliferative disorder
hypoadrenocorticism
list possible causes of lymphopenia
stress/ steroids
acute inflammation
loss of lymph
cytotoxic drugs
radiation
immunodeficiency syndrome
lymphoma
describe a stress leukogram
glucocorticoid induced
eosinopenia
lymphopenia
mature neutrophilia
monocytosis
what happens when monocytes go into tissues
they differentiate into macrophages
what cells are responsible for phagocytosis
monocytes/ macrophages
what can cause a monocytosis
inflammation
steroid/ stress
monocytic/ myelomonocytic leukaemia
are we worried about monocytopaenia
No
what can cause an eosinophilia
hypersensitivty
parasitism
hypoadrenocorticism
paraneoplastic
idiopathic eosinophilic syndrome
eosinophilic leukaemia
what can cause an eosinopenia
glucocorticoids
stress
inflammation - although eosinopenia is not commonly recognised
why are basophils not commonly seen
they move quickly into tissues
when do we see nucleated RBCs
strongly regenerative anaemias - haemolytic anaemias
why should we always do a blood smear
beacause the machine may be wrong
What is pancytopenia
deficiency of all three cellular components of the blood (red cells, white cells, and platelets)
suggests chronic marrow injury
