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4- SA- Collapse, Weakness, Exercise Intolerance > Anaemia aetiology + pathogenesis > Flashcards

Anaemia aetiology + pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaemia

A

a decreased haematocrit, packed cell volume or haemoglobin

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2
Q

what is haematocrit

A

(MCV x RBC) +10wh

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3
Q

at does PCV tell us

A

percentage of packed red cells in blood volume

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4
Q

List 4 clinical signs associated with anaemia

A

Inadequate perfusion/ oxygenation - pale mm, lethargy, exercise intolerance
compensatory mechanisms- tachypnoea, tachycardia
other signs- poor pulse quality, haemic murmur
signs related to underlying pathology- splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pain, pica, icterus, melana

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5
Q

How can anaesthesia affect PCV

A

the spleen relaxes up to 30% of circulating RBCs can enter when this happens

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6
Q

Does severity of the anaemia relate to clinical condition?

A

Not necessarily, chronic animals with an extremely low PCV can show fewer clinical signs than acute animals.

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7
Q

Canine PCV is 30-40 how would you grade the anaemia

A

mild

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8
Q

Canine PCV is 20-30 how would you grade the anaemia?

A

moderate

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9
Q

Canine PCV is <20 how would you grade the anaemia?

A

severe

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10
Q

Feline PCV is 25-30 how would you grade the anaemia?

A

mild

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11
Q

Feline PCV is 15-25 how would you grade the anaemia?

A

moderate

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12
Q

Feline PCV is <15 how would you grade the anaemia?

A

severe

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13
Q

What RBC indices are used to grade anaemia?

A

MCV and MCHC

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14
Q

What does high MCV likely indicate in anaemic patients?

A

Regenerative (larger cells in circulation = reticulocytes)

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15
Q

Why does MCHC drop?

A

Larger cells in regenerative anaemia means the same volume in a larger cell,

Reduced volume in normal size cells.

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16
Q

What happens to MCV and MCHC when reticulocytes are in circulation?

A

MCV increases due to larger cells,

MCHC decreases due to same volume in these larger cells.

17
Q

Why is anisocytosis seen in regenerative anaemia?

A

Reticulocytes are larger than mature RBCs

18
Q

List 4 non-specific indicators seen in regenerative anaemia

A

Nucleated RBCs
Basophilic stippling
Howell-Jolly bodies
Heinz bodies

19
Q

List the 2 most common causes of regenerative anaemia

A

Haemorrhage
Haemolysis

20
Q

List 3 common causes of non-regenerative anaemia

A

Decreased bone marrow production of RBCs,
Pre-regenerative anaemia (bone marrow can take 3-5 days to respond to anaemia),
Chronic haemorrhage or haemolysis

21
Q

What do spherocytes indicate

A

immune mediated haemolysis

22
Q

what do schistocytes indicate

A

intravascular red cell injury- mechanical injury

23
Q

what do keratocytes indicate

A

intravascular red cell injury

24
Q

what do Heinz bodies indicate

A

Heinz body haemolysis
oxidative damage

25
Q

what do dacryocytes indicate

A

iron deficiency
myelofibrosis

26
Q

what is it called when IMTP is seen alongside IMHA

A

Evans syndrome

27
Q

what does hypochromic, microcytic RBCs indicate

A

iron deficiency anaemia

28
Q

what are the 3 main causes of anaemia

A

blood loss
haemolysis
suppression of erythropoiesis

29
Q

Schistocytes and acanthocytes on blood smear can indicate what neoplasm?

A

splenic haemangiosarcoma

30
Q

List 3 common signs of mild/ chronic bleeding

A

melena
chronic/ multiple small wounds
GI or blood borne parasitism

31
Q

What can be used to immediately treat anaemia caused by intra-cavitary bleeding (short term)

A

autotransfusion

32
Q

List 3 things that can cause IMHA

A

reaction to normal self antigen,

Reaction to infectious agents bound to cell surface,

Reaction to non-biologic antigen bound to cell surface.

33
Q

List 3 things that can cause a body to react to its own self antigens on RBCs

A

Primary immune system dysfunction and loss of tolerance,

Antigen exposed due to cell damage,

Similarity between self antigen and foreign antigen.

34
Q

Non regenerative anaemia can be…

A

Intra-marrow
or
extra-marrow

35
Q

List 4 causes of intra-marrow non-regenerative anaemia

A

infection
chronic damage
neoplasia
law of raw materials (iron deficiency)

36
Q

List 3 causes of extra-marrow non-regenerative anaemia

A

CKD
excessive oestrogen
FeLV

37
Q

what is the most common cause of iron deficiency

A

chronic haemorrhage

38
Q

Most common cause of non-regenerative anaemia seen in SA clinical practice?

A

Anaemia of inflammation/chronic disease

4- SA- Collapse, Weakness, Exercise Intolerance (10 decks)

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