Leukocytes (final) Flashcards
The entire leukocyte system functions in defense against
foreign invaders
leukocytosis=
increased WBCs
Granulocytosis=
increased granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
basophilia=
increased basophils
eosinophilia=
increased eosinophils
neutrophilia=
increased neutrophils
lymphocytosis=
increased lymphocytes
monocytosis=
increased monocytes
leukopenia=
decreased WBCs
granulocytopenia=
decreased granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
basopenia=
decreased basophils
eosinopenia=
decreased eosinophils
neutropenia=
decreased neutrophils
lymphopenia=
decreased lymphocytes
monocytopenia=
decreased monocytes
What are some causes of increased total WBC?
1) bacterial infection
2) inflammation
3) leukemia
4) polycythemia vera
What are some causes of decreased total WBC?
1) viral infection
2) aplastic anemia
3) megaloblastic anemia
4) autoimmune disorders
What WBCs are polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
“BEN”
define granulocytes
granules in cytoplasm
define polymorphonuclear
segmented nucleus
define agranulocytes
no granules in the cytoplasm
define mononuclear
one non-segmented nucleus
What cells are mononuclear agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
What are the normal WBC percentages?
Never Let My Engine Blow
N= neutrophils 60%
L= lymphocytes 30%
M= monocytes 8%
E= eosinophils 2%
B= basophils and bands 0%
What stain is used to look at WBCs on a smear?
polychromatic stain
How many segments are normally found in a segmented neutrophil/polymorphonuclear neutrophil nucleus?
3-5 segments
Granules contain what 3 toxic materials that help digest pathogens?
1) myeloperoxidase
2) lysozyme
3) defensins
What are the functions of a segmented neutrophil/polymorphonuclear neutrophil?
1) kill bacteria
2) phagocytosis
3) local inflammation, major component of pus
What cell is the first responder to migrate to site of inflammation?
segmented neutrophil/polymorphonuclear neutrophil
What may cause decrease in neutrophils?
aplastic anemia or viral infection
What infection would decrease neutrophils and total WBC count but increase lymphocytes?
viral infection
What is a left shift?
-an increase in the number of immature neutrophils (bands) in the blood, often as a response to an acute inflection, inflammation, or stress on the bone marrow
-it reflects the body’s heightened demand for neutrophils, promoting the release of immature forms from the bone marrow
1) increase in neutrophils
2) increase in total WBC count
3) indicates severe bacterial infection
A left shift may be accompanied with
1) toxic granulation
2) dohle bodies
3) vacuolization in neutrophils
4) ESR elevated
5) C reactive protein elevated
all of this is because of inflammation with sepsis
What disorders have a left shift?
1) appendicitis
2) severe bacterial infections
3) pyelonephritis
4) bacteremia/ sepsis
What has this classic triad?
-RLQ pain
-total WBC count increased
-left shift
appendicitis
bacterial infection= increased neutrophils and bands = _______________ total WBC count
increased
What are the functions of eosinophils?
1) defense against parasitic infections
2) response to allergic reactions
What crystals appear when theres degenerated/damaged eosinophils and are considered pathological?
charcot-leyden crystals
charcot-leyden crystals are found in sputum of people with
allergic diseases such as asthma
charcot-leyden crystals are found in stool of people with
parasitic infections
What may increase eosinophils?
1) allergic disorders like asthma, hay fever, eczema, drugs
2) parasites
What 2 cells release histamine?
basophils and mast cells
Granules in basophils contain what?
histamine and heparin
Both histamine and heparin is released from granules of basophils when allergic reaction occurs. What Ab is involved here?
IgE
What are the functions of histamine?
1) vasodilation
2) increase vascular permeability
3) smooth muscle contraction
What is a natural anticoagulant?
heparin
anaphylaxis is what hypersensitivity reaction?
type 1
Monocytes migrate to tissue and become?
macrophages
(monocytes are in blood)
What is the largest WBC?
monocytes
What are the functions of monocytes?
1) phagocytosis
2) differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells
3) immune response regulation
4) tissue repair
What increases monocytes?
chronic pathologies (most common in elderly) and chronic inflammation
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
1) immune surveillance
2) adaptive immunity
3) immune regulation
What are the primary lymphoid tissues?
bone marrow and thymus
Where do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
bone marrow and thymus
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-peyer’s patch
-MALT
What are the functions of NK cells?
-destroy targets by a cytotoxic action
-recognize and kill stressed cells in the absence of Abs and MHC
What increases lymphocytes?
viral infections like infectious mononucleosis (epstein barr virus)
What decreases lymphocytes?
-autoimmune disorders like lupus, MG, and RA
-radiation/drug therapy
-immunodeficiency
Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes when there is
antigenic stimulation
T/F: plasma cells are normally found in peripheral blood of healthy adults
FALSE- mostly found in bone marrow and lymph nodes
What is the function of plasma cells?
specialized for synthesis and excretion of large amounts of antigen specific antibody which targets microbes for destruction by other immune cells
What increases plasma cells?
multiple myeloma and viral infections like measles, chicken pox, mono, herpes
What are the functions of macrophages?
1) phagocytosis
2) APC
3) secretes cytokines
Which cell plays a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity?
macrophages
Toxic granulation is seen with what WBC?
neutrophils
What leukocyte change is this?
-large, coarse, dark blue granules in the cytoplasm
-represents increased lysosomal activity
toxic granulation
When do you seen toxic granulation?
during septic conditions (bacteriemia)
Dohle bodies are seen with what WBC?
neutrophils and monocytes
What leukocyte change is this?
-irregular blue grey inclusion seen in cytoplasm
-ribosomal accumulation (RNA from RER)
dohle bodies
When do you seen dohle bodies?
bacterial infections, sepsis, inflammation
Vacuolated neutrophils are often an indicator of significant stress or pathology. When does this occur?
massive bacteria infection, septicemia
What may be found with bacterial infection/sepsis?
1) total WBC count increased
2) left shift (increase immature cells/bands)
3) toxic granulation (most common), dohle bodies, vacuolated neutrophils (rare to see all 3 at once)
What is this called?
-large lymphocytes contain a great amount of cytoplasm
-vary in size and shape
-nucleus may be various shapes
-often a characteristic dark bluish tinge of cytoplasm on peripheral edge
reactive/atypical/viral lymphocytes
reactive/atypical/viral lymphocytes occur in….
infectious mono (shows leukopenia and lymphocytosis)
What is the test for mono/epstein barr virus?
heterophile test
-reddish brown rod shaped inclusions seen in very immature granulocytes (blasts) of leukemia patients
-found in cytoplasm
-abnormal fusion of primary granulocytes
-pathognomonic for AML**
auer bodies
