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Lab Diagnosis 1 > Urinalysis (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Urinalysis (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Excessive urine output

matching q

A

polyuria

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2
Q

no urine output

matching q

A

anuria

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3
Q

decreased urine output

matching q

A

oliguria

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4
Q

excessive thirst/dehydration

matching q

A

polydipsia

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5
Q

painful urination

matching q

A

dysuria

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6
Q

urine containing leukocytes (neutrophils bc they kill bacteria) or pus

matching q

A

pyuria

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7
Q

What is azotemia?

A

-biochemical abnormality, elevation, or buildup of nitrogenous products (BUN/ creatinine) in the blood, and other secondary waste products within the body
-raising the level of nitrogenous waste is attributed to the inability of the renal system to filter (decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)) such as waste products adequately
-because of azotemia, pt will develop uremia which is a clinical condition associated with worsening renal function
-uremia most commonly occurs in the setting of chronic and end stage renal disease but may also occur due to acute kidney injury

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8
Q

uro=

A

urine

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9
Q

Routine urinalysis (US) gives info about the….

A

kidneys and metabolic processes

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10
Q

What does a routine urinalysis consist of?

test q

A

-macroscopic evaluation
-chemical evaluation (test strip)
-microscopic evaluation

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11
Q

Urinalysis is commonly ordered for patients with what symptoms?

A

-abdominal pain
-back pain
-dysuria
-hematuria
-urinary frequency

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12
Q

What is the best urine specimen?

test q

A

first morning clean catch or first morning catheterized specimen + mid stream

***first morning gives better overall impression of renal function

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13
Q

What are the 24 UA test types we talked about?

A

24 UA for protein or creatinine

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14
Q

What are the normal contents of urine?

A

-water
-electrolytes like Na, K, Cl, calcium, magnesium, urea, ammonia, phosphates, sulfates

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15
Q

What is not normal in urine?

boards q

A

measurable protein or glucose

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16
Q

Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have what urine odor?

A

strong, sweet smell of acetone

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17
Q

Patients with infections would have what urine odor?

boards q

A

foul, fishy, strong ammonia smell

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18
Q

Patients with maple syrup urine disease would have what urine odor?

A

maple syrup odor

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19
Q

What is a normal urine color?

A

pale yellow/straw yellow

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20
Q

Normal urine color is due to what pigment from bile metabolism?

A

urochrome

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21
Q

Darker urine will have increased _________________ because of decreased hydration/dehydration

A

specific gravity (SG)

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22
Q

Colorless urine may have decreased _________________ because of increased hydration

A

specific gravity (SG)

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23
Q

Bright yellow urine is due to what vitamins?

A

B vitamins

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24
Q

Red urine may indicate

A

bloody urine

25
Q

What are the pathological causes of red urine?

test q

A

-tumors
-kidney stones or bladder stones
-cysts
-enlarged prostate
-myoglobin damage
-some hereditary disorders

26
Q

What are some non-pathological causes of red urine?

A

-beets
-excessive exercise like marathon running
-menstrual contamination

27
Q

What are the synonyms for brown urine?

A

-cola
-rusty
-amber

28
Q

What are the pathological causes of brown urine?

A

-large amounts of RBCs (hematuria)
-glomerulonephritis
-alkaptonuria
-myoglobin

29
Q

Hepatobiliary disorders would have brown urine due to an increase in…

A

bilirubin

30
Q

Hemolytic anemia would have brown urine due to an increase in

A

urobilinogen from RBC breakdown

31
Q

What are the non-pathological causes of brown urine?

A

-rhubarb
-licorice
-foods with dark dyes
-laxatives containing senna

32
Q

What is a tell-tale sign of glomerulonephritis?

A

rusty urine

33
Q

Why would a patient have brownish black urine?

test q

A

homogenistic acid caused by alkaptonuria

34
Q

What is alkaptonuria?

A

-AA metabolism disorder
-also known as black urine disease
-rare inherited disorder that prevents the body from fully breaking down tyrosine and phenylalanine
-results in a build up of homogentisic acid in the body

35
Q

Why would someone have purple-red urine/ wine colored urine?

test q

A

porphyria (rare disorder of RBC precursors)

36
Q

T/F: it is normal to have clear or cloudy urine

A

false, clear is normal, cloudy is not

37
Q

What causes cloudy urine?

A

solid particles (WBCs, bacteria, crystals, epithelial cells) and protein

more particles and proteins= more cloudiness

38
Q

What are the synonyms for cloudy urine?

A

-hazy
-frothy
-turbid

39
Q

What is included in a urinalysis test strip?

A

1) protein
2) glucose
3) ketones
4) RBCs
5) leukocyte esterase (leukocytes)
6) nitrites (bacteria)
7) bilirubin
none of the above should be positive***

8) specific gravity (SG)
9) urobilinogen (trace amounts)

40
Q

What is SG?

quiz 1 q

A

-stands for specific gravity
-measurement of concentration and excretory function of kidneys**
-measure of the conc. of solutes/stuff in urine
-compares the density of urine to the density of water

41
Q

What abnormal substances contribute to high SG in urine?

test q

A

protein and glucose

42
Q

Fixed SG indicates….

A

severe renal damage

43
Q

What is fixed SG?

test q

A

SG remains 1.010 regardless of fluid intake= renal tubular dysfunction

44
Q

What is the normal range for SG?

A

1.003-1.030

45
Q

What are the pathological causes of increased SG?

A

-uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (glycosuria- glucose in urine)
-nephrotic syndrome or glomerulonephritis (proteinuria)

46
Q

What is the non-pathological cause of increased SG?

A

dehydration

47
Q

What is the non-pathological cause of decreased SG?

A

over hydration

48
Q

What are the pathological causes of decreased SG?

A

-diabetes insipidus (not enough ADH or poor response to ADH)
-kidney failure
-renal tubular damage

49
Q

Kidneys cannot concentrate urine over…..

hint: its a number larger than the normal SG

test q

A

1.035

50
Q

define osmolality

A

measurement of the amount of particles/stuff/solute dissolved in a fluid

51
Q

What is the confirmatory method for specific gravity?

test q

A

urine osmolality

52
Q

What is the difference between SG and urine osmolality?

A

-SG is measuring concentration and excretory function of kidneys
-urine osmolality is confirmatory method to measure concentration and diluting ability of kidneys
-urine osmolality depends only on the number of particles, whereas SG depends on the number of particles and weight
-urine osmolality is more time consuming and expensive

53
Q

Specific gravity is the ___________ test, whereas osmolality is the ________________ test

test q

A

screening, confirmatory

54
Q

What is the normal pH range for urine?

A

5-8

note: first morning urine is usually 5-6, after that pH increases

55
Q

Do UTIs make urine more acidic or alkaline?

test q

A

alkaline

56
Q

Test trip is sensitive for which protein only?

A

albumin

57
Q

Presence of protein in urine is often the first indicator of…

A

renal disease

58
Q

When would a patient have foamy urine?

A

when they have protein in the urine

59
Q
A

Lab Diagnosis 1 (4 decks)

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