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Histology Exam 1 > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes function

A

are mobile cells, Highly motile, use amoeboid movement, attracted via chemotaxis, function as active part of immune system in tissues

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2
Q

how do mobile cells leave circulation?

A

margination, pavementing, and diapedesis

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3
Q

pavementing

A

rolling and adhesion

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4
Q

diapedesis

A

extravasation

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5
Q

pseudopodia

A

WBC’s stick to endothelial cell surface, squeeze between endothelial cells of capillaries & venules

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6
Q

chemotaxis

A

how WBC attract to inflammatory sites via cytokines, which are any cell product that influences another cell like pheromone

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7
Q

how are WBC categorized

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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8
Q

All WBC possess what?

A

1’ granules, which contain lysosomal enzymes (ex. acid hydrolases)

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9
Q

what color do azurophilic granules stain

A

stain blue-purple

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10
Q

What do granulocytes possess?

A

specific granules, 2’ granules

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11
Q

2’ granules

A
  • absent in agranulocytes
  • contain lysozyme& alkaline phosphatases
  • Exhibit variable staining
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12
Q

types of granulocytes

A
  • basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

- All have single, multi-lobed nucleus & prominent cytoplasmic granules

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13
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Most common, Multi-lobed nucleus (3-5 lobes) = polymorphonuclear cells (PMN’s)
  • Short-lived; tissue lifespan several hrs—days
  • Few mitochondria—use 1’ anaerobic glycolysis
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14
Q

myeloperoxidase

A

1’ granules of neutrophils also contain unique antimicrobial

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15
Q

what do 2’ granules stain?

A

basophilic or eosinophilic, (“neutral”)

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16
Q

what do neutrophils contain?

A

Contain inflammatory mediators & complement activators; proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, & lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)

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17
Q

degranulation

A
  • how neutrophils release during inflammatory rxn

- Release of granule contents into ECS

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18
Q

Neutrophils possess small 3’ granules, which contain what?

A

gelatinase, which breaks down collagen

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19
Q

Neutrophils are assoicated with acute inflammation

A

generally last several days

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20
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation (4)

A

Rubor, tumor, calore, et dolore (redness, swelling, heat & pain)

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21
Q

what are neutrophils attracted to?

A

Attracted to bacteria & damaged tissue by chemotactic factors

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22
Q

What does the function 1’ in phagocytosis lead to?

A

formation of phagolysosome to digest bacteria

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23
Q

how are phagocytosis enhanced?

A

via opsonization—coating of bacteria with Ab & complement to enhance phagocytosis

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24
Q

respiratory burst

A

bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide & hypochlorous acid

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25
Q

“Stab” cells

A

=bandcells—immature neutrophils

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26
Q

Barr body

A

inactive X chromosome in females

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27
Q

Basophils

A
  • Least common of WBC’s
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • May or may not be circulating equivalent of mast cells in tissue
  • Characterized by large, basophilic specific granules
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28
Q

is mast cell lifespan uncertain?

A

yes

29
Q

In basophils, what do specific granules contain?

A
  • Hydrolytic enzymes,
  • Heparin sulfate
  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Histamine
  • Leukotrienes
30
Q

heparin sulfate

A

an anticoagulant

31
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

proteoglycan

32
Q

Histamine

A

vasoactive amine => vasodilation & ↑vascular permeability

33
Q

Leukotrienes

A

slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis(SRS) => smooth Mm contraction (asthma) eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)

34
Q

what uses type I (immediate) hypersensitivity rxn’s

A

Basophils; seen in asthma, hayfever, & some types of allergic dermatitis

35
Q

If hypersensitivity rxn is severe, what occurs in basophils?

A

anaphylaxis (very rapid, severe immune rxn)

36
Q

what counteract effects of basophils?

A

eosinophils

37
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Remain in circulation before entering tissue
  • Tissue lifespan 8-12 days
  • Have surface receptors for IgE
  • Large eosinophilic specific granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
38
Q

Large eosinophilic specific granules contain hydrolytic enzymes?? (4)

A
  1. histaminase: neutralizes histamine
  2. eosinophil peroxidase(EPO): special peroxidase
  3. Lysosomal enzymes
    Major basic protein (neutralizes heparin, kills parasites)
39
Q

what are eosinophils chemotactically attracted to?

A

basophils and mast cells via ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor)

40
Q

Ameliorate & counteract hypersensitivity rxn’s & effects of histamine:

A

Release eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits basophil & mast cell degranulation)

41
Q

Eosinophils Function

A
  • antiparasitic function, especially against flukes (helminths) & affinity for Ag-Ab complexes
  • Parasites & Ag-Ab complexes destroyed by major basic protein & subsequent phagocytosis
42
Q

2 types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes & lymphocytes

43
Q

agranulocytes

A

single, unlobed nucleus, lack 2’ (specific) granules, but have 1’ azurophilic granules

44
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Largest WBC
  • Abundant, gray-blue/lavender cytoplasm; large indented (“kidney bean” shaped) nucleus
  • Lifespan in tissue several months
45
Q

What happens to monocytes when they enter tissue?

A

Present in bloodstream 2-3 days, then extravasate, enter tissue, become macrophages (= histiocytes)

46
Q

when monocytes turn into macrophages, they remained fixed in the same tissue. What are the fixed tissue locations?

A
  • Kupfer cells in liver
  • microglial cells in CNS
  • Langerhans cells in skin
  • dust cells in lung
  • osteoclasts in bone
47
Q

Macrophages

A
  • highly mobile, phagocytic—contain abundant hydrolytic enzymes
  • Active in subacute to chronic infections, along with lymphocytes
  • Can fuse together to become (multinucleate) epithelioid giant cells in chronic granulomas
  • function as Ag-presenting cells in lymphoid organs
48
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Active in subacute to chronic infections
  • Have lifespan of days to years
  • Two size classes—small and large lymphocytes
  • Size classes do not correlate with cell types
  • Characterized by round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm
  • 1’ cell of immune system—recirculating, immunocompetent cells
49
Q

what are 2 major types of lymphocytes?

A

b-cells (~4-10 %) & t-cells (~90 %)

50
Q

B cells

A
  • First recognized in Bursa of Fabricius of birds
  • In mammals, formed in bone marrow & become immunocompetent there
  • Function: in humorally mediated immmune response—produce Ab’s
  • Function: in anamnestic response of humoral immunity;Premise of vaccination to prevent disease
  • Ag-presenting cells
51
Q

what happens to B cells after encountering Ag?

A

undergo multiple divisions to produce clone of Ab-producing plasma cells; Called amplification, or clonal expansion

52
Q

what happens to B and T cells if they do not replicate?

A

remain as long-lived memory cells or effector cells

53
Q

what surface markers and immunoglobulins are on B cells

A

HLA Type I

HLA = human leukocyte Ag—major histocompatability complex [MHC] molecules

54
Q

T cells

A
  • “Thymus-dependent” lymphocytes
  • Formed in bone marrow, but migrate to thymus to become immunocompetent
  • Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; have long lifespan
  • “cluster of differentiation” determinant molecules (CD molecules) on surface—->Recognize HLA receptors on surface of other cells (prevent “self”-destruction)
55
Q

Paratopes

A

T-cells have receptors on cell surface like those present on Ab’s. Recognize foreign proteins of Ag’s (epitopes)

56
Q

Types of T cells (3)

A
  1. Cytotoxic
  2. suppressor
  3. helper lymphocytes
57
Q

Cytotoxic, or killert-cells (Tc/Tk)

A
  • 1’ effectors in cell-mediated immunity—tend to be large lymphocytes
  • Recognize cells with foreign surface Ag’s or receptors & kill them
  • Punch holes in plasma membranes
58
Q

Helper t-cells (Th)

A
  • Detect invaders, sound chemical alarm
  • Recognize Ag, usually presented by Macrophage or b-cell, then secrete lymphokines (cytokines)—act as pheromones, stimulate b-cells => Ab production, or Tk cells => kill
59
Q

Suppressorcells (Ts)

A

•Suppress activity of b-cells, dampen immune response, especially to “self” molecules

60
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

loss of control of Ts cells

61
Q

Null cells

A

-Lymphocytes which possess Fc receptors but lack specific cell surface markers of either b-or t-cells (null)
-include natural killer cells
possibly some pleuripotential stem cells

62
Q

Null cells function

A
  • Responsible for nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus-infected & tumor cells
  • Also function in Ab-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
63
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A

total # of WBC’s

64
Q

differential cell count

A

relative % of WBCs

65
Q

↑WBC’s

A

infection/ tumor

66
Q

philia (neutrophilia), -osis (mononucleosis)

A

↑neutrophils—acute, bacteria
↑lymphocytes (& monocytes)—subacute, viral
↑ eosinophils—allergies, parasites

67
Q

↓in WBC’s

A

immune suppression/ tumor

ex. -penia

68
Q

-penia

A
  • neutropenia—acute viral infection or severe sepsis

* thrombocytopenia—↓ platelets

Histology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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