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Histology Exam 1 > Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major categories of organisms?

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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2
Q

Examples of prokaryotes

A

Monera, cyanobacteria

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3
Q

examples of eukaryotes

A

single-celled protists, protozoa and multicelled metazoans

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4
Q

Protoplasm

A

contained in cells, (~70-85% water; electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates)

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

semi-liquid contents between cell membrane & nuclear membrane, surrounds organelles

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6
Q

nucleoplasm

A

within nucleus

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA complexed with nucleoproteins to form chromatin

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8
Q

alleles

A

different forms of same gene

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9
Q

Hererochromatin

A

electron-dense, darkly-staining, inactive DNA & nucleoproteins
•In females, permanently inactive DNA aka Barr bod
•Represents degenerate X chromosome; only 1 of pair active, other degenerates

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10
Q

Euchromatin

A

dispersed DNA activein transcription (RNA synthesis)
Cells active in translation—within (protein synthesis in cytoplasm) will have prominent nucleolus& abundant euchromatin
RNA provides “working copies” of DNA

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11
Q

what is the most chromatin in nucleus?

A

inactive heterochromatin

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12
Q

lamp brush chromosomes

A

Active portions of chromosomes unravel to become visible

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13
Q

Histones

A

most of DNA-associated protein in eukaryotesAssist with DNA folding => chromatin organization into chromosomes

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14
Q

nucleosomes

A

segments of DNA wrap around several histones; regulate DNA activity

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15
Q

non-histones

A

may also be involved in regulation of gene activity

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16
Q

what separates the inner and outer nuclear membrane?

A

perinuclear cisterna

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17
Q

how is the inner and outer nuclear membrane connected

A

nuclear pore complex surrounded by nucleoporins

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18
Q

inner nuclear membrane

A

associated with network of lamin filaments for support called nuclear lamina

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19
Q

outer nuclear membrane

A

studded with ribosomes, continuous with rER

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20
Q

ribosomes

A

bipartite, proteinaceous structures (contain rRNA), synthesized & assembled in nucleolus, site of protein synthesis

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21
Q

what are the mitochondria NOT present in?

A

RBC and keratinocytes

22
Q

within the mitochondria, the inner membrane has cristae which is lined with what?

A

elementary particles that contain enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation

23
Q

what does the mitochondria matrix contain?

A

dense granules thought to be binding/ storage sites for Ca

24
Q

how does the cell depend on energy and where does it begin?

A

cellular respiration; in the cytosol where glucose converted to pyruvic acid

25
Q

where does anaerobic glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

26
Q

where does aerobic respiration occur

A

mitochondria; where the the matrix contains Kreb cycle

27
Q

where is the most ATP produced?

A

oxidative phosphorylation by cytochromes of electron transport system (ETS)

28
Q

Cytochromes

A

enzymes on inner membrane of cristae

29
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

series of membranous sheets and tubules throughout cytoplasm

30
Q

rER

A

surface receptor molecules for ribosomal attachment, protein synthesis

31
Q

sER

A

lipid synthesis, transport proteins from rER to golgi, membrane formation and recycling

32
Q

coated vesicles in ER

A

surround and coat proteins for transport, bud off sER, transport proteins between sER & Golgi & between golgi & cell surface

33
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

post-translational modification, packaging & sorting of proteins synthesized in rER

34
Q

what Golgi network is convex?

A

cis= forming face; proteins arrive from rER in coated transfer vesicles

35
Q

what golgi network is concave?

A

trans= maturing face; proteins packaged into clathrin-coated vesicles for secretion

36
Q

how do vesicles bud off maturing face?

A

condensing vacuoles, sorted into secretory vesicles for extracellular export via exocytosis or membrane-bound vesicles for intracellular use, or as secretory granules for long term storage

37
Q

membrane trafficking

A

during exocytosis & secretion, large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane– recycled by golgi

38
Q

types of membrane- bound vesicles

A

lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes

39
Q

lysosomes

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes

40
Q

1’ lysosomes

A

inactive, newly formed produced by rER and golgi

41
Q

what happenes when 1’ lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicles (or phagosomes)?

A

become phagolysosomes= 2’ lysosomes

42
Q

3’ lysosome

A

residual body, hydrolytic breakdown results in production; excreted or remain in cells for life

43
Q

autophagy

A

programmed cell death

44
Q

endosomes

A

type of endocytic vesicle with acid pH in lumen

45
Q

example of endosomes

A

proton pumps, which pump H+ into interior, acidifying contents

46
Q

peroxisomes

A

microbodies, membrane-bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes (oxidases); resemble lysosomes—also contain catalase and peroxidase

47
Q

how do peroxisomes oxidize toxic metabolites

A

use enzymes, free radicals, and hydrogen peroxide

48
Q

inclusions

A
  • non-living components of cell

- neutral fat droplets, lipids, glycogen, secretory & pigment granules

49
Q

viral inculsions

A

intracytoplasmic or intranuclear

50
Q

types of intracytoplasmic pigments?

A

melanin and lipofuscin

51
Q

melanin

A

black, brown, granular pigment; produced by melanocytes, transported to other cells

52
Q

lipofuscin

A

gold-brown granules; frequently seen in neurons; sometimes called “old age pigment”

Histology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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