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Histology Exam 1 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Provides structural and metabolic support
  • Carries blood vessels; tissue repair
  • Mediates exchange of nutrients/ metabolites/ waste products between tissue & circulation
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2
Q

where is primitive connective tissue-derived?

A

derived from mesodermal mesenchyme—contains stellate to spindle-shaped cells, jelly-like extracellular matrix, & occasional fibers

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3
Q

Mature connective tissue contains?

A

contains cells& extracellular material secreted by cells

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4
Q

Fibroblasts structure and function

A
  • Structure: pointed, elongate, spindle-shaped cells
  • Function: Synthesize & maintain proteinaceous ground substance & connective tissue fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular fibers)
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5
Q

myofibroblasts

A

Fibroblasts with contractile ability

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6
Q

Reticular cells structure, synthesized, and function?

A

Structure: of lymph nodes & bone marrow; a type of fibroblast
Synthesized: reticular fibers (made of reticulin); by regular fibroblasts in some tissues
Function: may have a phagocytic function;

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7
Q

what are reticular cells morphologically similar to?

A

primitive mesenchymal cells; look like branched fibroblasts

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8
Q

Adipocytes structure and function

A
  • Structure: Generally large, balloon-shaped, clear spaces filled with “lipid”
  • Function: responsible for storage & metabolism of lipids
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9
Q

Extracellular organic matrix is also known as what?

A

ground substance

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10
Q

Extracellular material

A
  • Various fibers embedded within matrix (e.g., collagen, reticulin, & elastin)
  • Each type of fiber has different chemical make-up and characteristics
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11
Q

Collagen

A
  • a glycoprotein; precursor proteins produced by fibroblasts
  • at least 28 different types identified, based on AA sequence
  • Principle fiber in extracellular matrix—provides tensile strength
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12
Q

Type I Collagen

A
  • 90% of collagen in body

- Loose & dense connective tissue of skin, tendons, ligaments, bone & fibrocartilage

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13
Q

Type II collagen examples

A

hyaline and elastic cartilages

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14
Q

Type III collagen (made of reticulin fibers)

A

Reticulin fibers; thin, branching, net-like fibers
•For structural support in organs (e.g., liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone)
•Produced by reticular cells in lymph nodes & bone marrow & by fibroblasts elsewhere

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15
Q

Argyrophilic

A

Seen in type III collagen, stains black with silver stain

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16
Q

Type IV collagen

A

found in basement membrane; doesn’t form fibers

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17
Q

Type V

A

cornea, placenta, dermo-epidermal junctions

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18
Q

what is the best-known collagenopathy?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome= Affects Type V collagen; Characterized by hyperextension of joints, skin fragility, & poor wound healing

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19
Q

Collagen synthesis steps:

A
  1. synthesized as procollagen form triple helix
  2. Packed into secretory vesicles & secreted into ECS
  3. extracellular enzymatic modification to form tropocollagen monomers
  4. Polymerization of tropocollagen into final formation of collagen microfibrils
  5. Several microfibrils combine to form larger collagen fiber; several fibers make up collagen bundle
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20
Q

procollagen

A

composed of three alpha polypeptide chains

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21
Q

Elastin fibers structure and synthesized

A

Structure: Highly branched; random coiling pattern allows stretching; arranged in fibers & sheets; refractile
Synthesized: by fibroblasts as tropoelastin precursor; polymerizes in ECM to form elastin

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22
Q

what are the 2 components of elastic fibers

A

elastin and fibrillin

23
Q

elastin

A

protein core similar to collagen, surrounded by microfibrils of fibrillin(structural glycoprotein)

24
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A
  • Autosomal dominant condition resulting in abnormal elastic fibers
  • Characterized by tall stature, long limbs, and long, thin fingers
  • Enlarged aorta, with ↑ regurgitation and ↑ risk of developing a dissecting aneurysm
25
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Fibrillin& fibronectinare structural glycoproteins—large polypeptides with branched polysaccharide side chains

26
Q

Fibronectin location and function

A

Location: basement membrane
Function: aids in adhesion between cell membrane & extracellular matrix, via interaction of adhesion molecules known as integrins

27
Q

Types of non-filamentous molecules (3)

A
  1. laminin
  2. entactin
  3. tenascin
28
Q

laminin

A

sulfated glycoprotein; major component of basement membrane; produced by most epithelial & endothelial cells

29
Q

entactin

A

sulfated glycoprotein; binds with laminin

30
Q

tenascin

A

binds cells to extracellular matrix; thought to be important in cell migration in developing nervous system

31
Q

Ground substance

A
  • Amorphous, transparent material with properties of a semi-fluid gel
  • Long, unbranched polysaccharide chains of repeating disaccharide units
32
Q

One of the two sugars is always an amino sugar… what are they

A

either n-acetyl glucosamine or galactosamine

33
Q

mucopolysaccharidoses

A

Non-functional or insufficient lysosomal enzymes => lysosomal storage diseases,

34
Q

what is glucosaminoglycan(GAG) equalized to?

A

= mucopolysaccharide(MPS)

35
Q

sulfated GAG examples

A

chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate

36
Q

proteoglycans (= mucoproteins)

A

mostGAG’s covalently bind to protein molecules to form

37
Q

5 types of GAG’s

A
  1. Hyaluronic acid
  2. Chondroitin sulfate
  3. keratan sulfate
  4. dermatan sulfate
  5. heparan sulfate
38
Q

Hyaluronic acid (=hyaluronate)

A
  • found in most connective tissue
  • Predominant GAG in loose connective tissue
  • Lacks sulfated side groups
  • thousand sugars long
  • Does not form proteoglycans itself, but can bind with them
  • Ground substance is impervious barrier to microorganisms
39
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

found in cartilage & bone

40
Q

keratan sulfate

A

found in cartilage, bone, cornea & intervertebral disk

41
Q

dermatan sulfate

A

found in dermis of skin, blood vessels, & heart valves

42
Q

heparan sulfate

A

found in basement membrane, lung, liver

43
Q

why dont GAG’s compact well?

A
  • Negatively charged due to sulfate & carboxyl side groups => hydrophilic => gel formation
  • Ground substance mostly GAG’s (1’ hyaluronic acid), proteoglycans, & water–Incompressibility of water provides turgor pressure of connective tissue
  • Reinforced with fibrous proteins
44
Q

what produces hyaluronidase?

A

pathogenic bacteria to destroy ground substance barrier and facilitate their spread

45
Q

Forms of connective tissue (2)

A
  • Loose

- Dense

46
Q

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

A
  • Sparse fibers & abundant ground substance => viscous, gel-like consistency
  • Supportive function
  • Located beneath epithelia & around Nn & vessels
47
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Provides structural support—abundant fibers, moderate # of cells, lesser ground substance

48
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A
  1. Regular

2. Irregular

49
Q

Regular dense connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibers oriented parallel to each other

- Densely packed fibers & cells arranged in fascicles(e.g., ligaments, tendons, & aponeuroses)

50
Q

Irregular dense connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibers oriented randomly

- Moderate number of fibers & few cells

51
Q

what does specialized connective tissue include?

A
  • bone, blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, hematopoietic tissue, & lymphatic tissue
  • Also mesenchymal & mucus connective tissue (limited to embryo)
52
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • Contains adipocytes—cells derived from lipoblasts—primitive mesenchyme adapted for storing fat (1’ triglycerides)
  • Fat energetically very active, has rich blood supply
  • Function: energy storage, thermo regulation & shock absorber
53
Q

White fat (=unilocular)

A
  • distributed in dermis & around intraperitoneal organs

- Up to 20% of body wt in males, 25% in females

54
Q

Brown fat (=multilocular)

A
  • highly specialized
  • present in infants & hibernating animals
  • Used in thermoregulation to maintain body temperature
  • In humans, located ~adrenals
  • Large #’s of mitochondria => heat

Histology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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