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Physiology > Leucocytes > Flashcards

Leucocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the only complete cell found in the blood?

A

Leucocytes

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2
Q

What is the normal count of leucocytes?

A

4000- 11000 per cubic micrometre of blood.

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3
Q

How much volume of blood do Leucocytes make?

A

1%

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4
Q

What are the two categories of leucocytes?

A
  1. Granulocytes
  2. Agranulocytes
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5
Q

What are granulocytes?

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
  2. Polymorphonuclear Eosinophils
  3. Polymorphonuclear basophils
    They are charecterised by the presence of granules containing proteins and enzymes.
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6
Q

What is the main function of granulocytes?

A

They are involved in:
1. Phagocytosis
2. Inflammation
3. Allergic Reactions

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7
Q

What is the lifespan of granulocytes?

A

In blood - 4-8 hours
In tissues- 4-5 days

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8
Q

Why does the longevity of leucocytes increase in the tissues?

A

The WBCs uptake growth factors by expressing growth factor receptors on their surface in tissues.

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9
Q

What are the physical charecteristrics of different granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils: 3-5 lobes of nucleus with pale red and blue coloured cytoplasm.
    10-12 micrometric in diameter.
  2. Eosinophils: 2 lobes of nucleus (bilobed) with red colour cytoplasm.
    10-12 micrometre in diameter.
  3. Basophils: No lobes of nucleus (S or U shaped) with purplish-black colour cytoplasm.
    8-10 micrometre in diameter.
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10
Q

Why are neutrophils named so?

A

Neutrophils have granules that take up both acidic and basic dye. They re “neutral”.

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11
Q

What do neutrophilic granules contain?

A
  1. Peroxidases
  2. Hydrolytic enzymes
  3. Defensins (anti-biotic like proteins)
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12
Q

What is the defense strategy of neutrophils?

A
  1. Leucocytosis Increase in WBCs.
  2. Margination
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
  5. Amoeboid Motion
  6. Phagocytosis
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13
Q

What is margination?

A

It is the attachment of neutrophils to the surface of endothelium to change it.

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14
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Margination loosens the intercellular bonds in the endothelium, causing neutrophils to move out. This is called diapedesis.

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

It is the movement of a cell towards a chemical that is unknown to it.

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16
Q

What are chemotaxic agents?

A
  1. Bacterial and viral toxins.
  2. Degenerative products of tissue inflammation.
  3. Reaction products from activation of “complement complex”.
  4. Reaction products from plasma clotting.
17
Q

How does neutrophil carry out phagocytosis?

A

It extends its pseudopodia to wards the bacteria or virus, engulfing it in a vacuole (phagosome).
It then releases hydrolytic enzymes and lysosymes to digest it.

18
Q

How many bacteria can 1 neutrophil phagocytise?

A

3 -20

19
Q

Why does an infection leave uS feeling weak?

A

Neutrophils perform phagocytosis through acidic hydrolysis which can kill normal cells. This collateral damage makes US feel weak after infections.

20
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A
  1. Lead body’s reaction against parasatic worms.
  2. Lessen the severity of allergic reactions by phagocytising allergy complexes.
21
Q

How do basophils function?

A

Behave like mast cells. Both get activated by IgE that binds to them and causes them to rupture. This releases chemicals such as:
1. Heparin
2. Seratonin
3. Histamine
4. Bradykinin
5. Lysosomal enzymes
This causes allergy reactions.

22
Q

What is the lifespan of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes- 10-20 hours in blood.
Lymphocytes- Weeks or months depending on demand.

23
Q

What are the physical charecteristrics of agranulocytes?

A
  1. Monocytes: Kidney shaped nucleus and abundant pale blue cytoplasm.
    12-20 micrometre in diameter.
  2. Lymphocytes: large nucleus with a pale blue thin rim.
    6-9 micrometre or 10-14 micrometre in diameter.
24
Q

…….. are also called microphages.

A

Neutrophils

24
Q

What is the neutrophils and macrophage sequence of response during inflammation?

A

1.1st line of defense: Tissue macrophage
2.2nd line of defense: Neutrophil invasion (Neutrophilia).
3.3rd line of defense: Second macrophage invasion.
4.4th line of defense: Increase in production of granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow.

Physiology (7 decks)

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