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Physiology > Formation of Blood > Flashcards

Formation of Blood Flashcards

Hemopoiesis: Erythropoiesis and Leucopoiesis

1
Q

Hemopoiesis

What is hemopoiesis?

A

It is the production and development of all blood cells

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2
Q

Hemopoiesis

When does hemopoiesis begin?

A

In the 20th week of life in fetal liver and spleen.

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3
Q

Hemopoiesis

What is the site of hemopoiesis in fetus?

A
  1. 0-2 months: Yolk sac
  2. 2-7 months: Liver and spleen
  3. 5-9 months: Bone marrow
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4
Q

Hemopoiesis

What is the site of hemopoiesis in infants?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

Hemopoiesis

What is the site of hemopoiesis in adults?

A
  1. The axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton: Skull, sternum, vertebrae, ribs, sacrum, pelvis and proximal ends of femur and humerus.
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6
Q

Hemopoiesis

What factors affect hemopoiesis?

A
  1. Hemapoietic Pluripotential Stem cells
  2. Growth inducers
  3. Differentiation inducers
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7
Q

Hemopoiesis

How do growth inducers/ factors work in helping with hemopoiesis?

A
  1. Stimulate proliferation of cells
  2. Stimulate differentiation of lineage-committed progenitor cells
  3. Suppress apoptosis
  4. Stimulate cell maturation
  5. Activate function
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8
Q

Erythropoiesis

What is erythropoiesis?

A

It is the process of production of RBCs in the bone marrow.

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9
Q

Erythropoiesis

What are the steps of erythropiesis?

A
  1. Pluripotential Stem Cell (Hemocytoblast)
  2. Myeloid Stem Cell
  3. Colony Forming Units- Erythrocyte (CFU-E)
  4. Proerythroblast: Committed Cell
  5. Early Erythroblast (Basophilic Erythroblast): Ribosome synthesis
  6. Late Erythroblast (Polychromatophil Erythroblast): Hemoglobin accumulation
  7. Normoblast (Orthochromatic Erythroblast): Nucleus Ejection
  8. Reticulocyte: Nucleus Ejection
  9. Erythrocyte
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10
Q

Erythropoiesis

What is the fate of a reticulocyte?

A
  1. Reticulocytes have a few remnants of nucleus left.
  2. They are ejected out of the bone marrow through diapedesis.
  3. They mature into erythrocytes in 1-2 days in the blood.
  4. Their concentration in the blood is less than 1%.
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11
Q

Erythrpoiesis

How long does a reticulocyte take to mature?

A

1-2 days

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12
Q

Erythrpoiesis

What does a high reticulocyte count in the blood indicate?

A

Low oxygen concentration. To help with this, the bone marrow tries to produce more RBCs, and it does this by releasing more reticulocytes in the blood.

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13
Q

Erythrpoiesis

What is erythropoietin?

A

It is a glycoprotein (165 aminoacids) that regulates erythropoiesis.

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14
Q

Erythrpoiesis

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

90%- Kidneys
10%- Liver

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15
Q

Erythrpoiesis

When is erythropoietin produced in the body?

A

In case of tissue hypoxia due to:
1. Anemia
2. Hemorrhage
3. Lung diseases
4. Heart Failure
5. High altitude

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16
Q

Erythrpoiesis

How does erythropoietin regulate erythropoiesis?

A
  1. It acts on CFU-E
  2. It increases the number of nucleated precursors in the bone marrow.
  3. It increases reticulocytes in the blood.
  4. It increases RBCs in the blood.
17
Q

Erythrpoiesis

Why is erythropoietin supplied as synthetic epoietin?

A

Because our body can degrade the natural erythropoietin.

18
Q

Erythrpoiesis

How do androgens regulate erythropoiesis?

A
  1. Directly stimulate bone marrow cells.
  2. Indirectly stimulate erythropoietin release.
19
Q

Erythrpoiesis

Which hormones meant for general metabolism of all the body cells stimulate erythropiesis?

A
  1. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
  2. Glucocorticoids
20
Q

Erythrpoiesis

Why can patients with chronic gastritis also suffer from anemia?

A

Patients with chronic gastritis lack intrinsic factor which is required for the absorption of B12 and folic acid in the small intestine.

21
Q

Erythrpoiesis

Why is B12 and folic acid important in our body?

A
  1. Important for DNA synthesis
  2. Stmulates erythropoiesis
  3. Important to maintain the structure of RBCs
22
Q

Erythrpoiesis

Which other nutrients are important for stimulating erythropoiesis?

*Nutrients other than B12 and Folic Acid

A
  1. Amino acids (synthesis of hemoglobin)
  2. Vitamin C (Iron absorption)
  3. Cobalt
  4. Zinc
  5. Manganese
  6. Copper
23
Q

Leucopoiesis

What is Leucopoiesis?

A

The development and maturation of leucocytes is called leucopoiesis.

24
Q

Leucopoiesis

What are the two types of leucopoiesis?

A
  1. Myelopoiesis: The development of all WBCs except lymphocytes.
  2. Lymphopoiesis: The development of lymphocytes.
25
Q

Leucopoiesis

What are the steps in granulopoiesis?

A
  1. Pluripotential Stem Cells (Hemocytoblasts)
  2. Myeloid Stem Cell
  3. CFU-GM
  4. Myeloblasts
  5. Promyelocytes: Accumulation of lysosomes
  6. Myelocytes: Development of distinct granules for neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. Cell division stops.
  7. Band Stage: Development of neutrphilic band cells, eosinophilic band cells, basophilic band cells.
  8. Metamyelocytes
  9. Granulocytes
26
Q

Leucopoiesis

What are the steps of lymphopoiesis?

A
  1. Pluripotential Stem Cells (Hemocytoblasts)
  2. Lymphoid stem cells
  3. Lymphoblasts
  4. Prolymphocytes: Migrate to other lymphoid tissues
  5. Lymphocytes
27
Q

Leucopoiesis

At what stage does nuclear segmentation of myelocytes take place?

A

The nucleus of myelocytes start constricting right before they leave the bone marrow.

28
Q

Thrombopoiesis

What are the steps of thrombopoeisis?

A
  1. Pluripotential Hematopietic Cells (Hemocytoblasts)
  2. Myeloid Stem Cell
  3. Megakaryoblasts
  4. Promegakaryocytes
  5. Megakaryocytes
  6. Platelets
29
Q

Thrombopoiesis

How are platelets formed from megakaryocytes?

A
  1. Megakaryocytes break into platekets either in the bone marrow or
  2. Once they enter the blood by folding inside capillaries.

Physiology (7 decks)

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