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Physiology > Blood Disorders > Flashcards

Blood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is spherocytosis?

A

When the RBC loses its biconcave shape to become spherical. This leads to a lack of flexibility of the RBC and they hemolyse.

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2
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is spherocytosis caused by?

A
  1. When the RBCs are placed in hypotonic solutions, under low osmotic pressure.
  2. Hereditary abnormalities in the protein structure that make the RBC membrane.
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3
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is the most common cause of hereditary hemolytic anemia?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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4
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is anemia?

A

It is an erythrocyte disorder charecterised by a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood.

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5
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

A
  1. Paleness
  2. Shortness of breath
  3. Chills
  4. Fatigue
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6
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What are the effects of anemia?

A
  1. Increased workload on heart that may lead to acute heart failure
  2. Hyperdynamic circulation
  3. Functional murmurs
  4. Tissue Hypoxia
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7
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What are the two broad classifications of anemia?

A
  1. Morphological classification
  2. Etiological classification
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8
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

How would you classify anemia morphologically?

A
  1. Normocytic Normochromic Anemia
  2. Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
  3. Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia
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9
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is the charecteristric of Normocytic Normochromic Anemia?

A
  1. MCV is normal
  2. MCH and MCHC is normal
  3. RBC count is decreased
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10
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What can be the causes of Normocytic Normochromic Anemia?

A
  1. Hemorrhagic Anemia: Acute blood loss
  2. Aplastic Anemia: Bone marrow depression due to radiation, drugs, etc.
  3. Hemolytic Anemia
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11
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is the charecteristric of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia?

A
  1. MCV < 75 fL
  2. MCH < 26 pg
  3. MCHC < 32%
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12
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What can be the causes of Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia?

A

Iron deficiency caused due to:
1. Hemorrhagic Anemia: Chronic blood loss
2. Lack of iron in diet
3. Lack of iron absorption

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13
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is the characteristric of Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia?

A
  1. MCV > 100 fL
  2. MCH and MCHC is normal
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14
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

Why can a defeciency in B12 and folic acid cause Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia?

A

Because they are important to maintain the structure of RBCs.

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15
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

How would you classify anemia etiologically?

A
  1. Lack of Hb
  2. Insuffecient RBCs
  3. Abnormal Hb
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16
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What kinds of anemia are caused due to a lack of Hb?

A
  1. Iron deficiency anemia
  2. Pernicious
17
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What causes pernicious?

A
  1. Deficiency of B12
  2. Deficiency of intrinsic factor that prevents the absorption of B12.
18
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What kinds of anemia are caused due to insuffecient RBCs?

A
  1. Hemorrhagic Anemia
  2. Aplastic Anemia
  3. Hemolytic Anemia
19
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What kinds of anemias are caused due to abnormal Hb?

A
  1. Thalassemias
  2. Sickle Cell Anemia
20
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What is polycythemia?

A

It is an abnormal amount of RBCs in the blood that increase blood viscosity and lead to sluggish flow of blood.

21
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What are the two types of Polycythemia?

A
  1. Primary (hereditary or acquired)
  2. Secondary
22
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

What can be the causes of secondary polycythemia?

A
  1. Sleep Apnea
  2. Smoking
  3. Hypoxemia
  4. Chronic lung disease
  5. High altitude
23
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What is leucocytosis?

A

It is the increase in WBCs in blood that have a normal structure and function.

24
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What are the physiological causes of leukocytosis?

A
  1. Diurnal
  2. After exercise
  3. Stress or adrenaline injection
25
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What could be the possible reason of decrease in the leucocytes during the day?

A

Increased cortisol levels in blood inhibit leucocytic production.

26
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What can be the pathological causes of leucocytosis?

A
  1. Bacterial infections
  2. Worm infestations
  3. Inflammation
  4. Severe physical or emotional stress
  5. Burns
  6. Kidney Failure
  7. Rheumatoid Arthritis
  8. Thyroid disorders
  9. Malnutrition
27
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What is leukemia?

A

Significant increase in WBCs that have abnormal structure and function

28
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What are the causes of leukemia?

A
  1. Chromosomal Abnormality
  2. Radiation, chemical, viruses
29
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What are the two broad classifcation of leukemias?

A
  1. Lymphocytic Leukemias
  2. Myelogenous Leukemias
30
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What are the signs and symptoms of leukemias?

A
  1. Metastatic Growth: Towards liver, spleen, lymph nodes and surrounding bone area that can cause pain and bones to fracture easily.
  2. Bone marrow cells are replaced by Leukemic Cells: Can cause infections, severe anemia and thrombocytopenia.
  3. Increased demand of amino acids and vitamins
31
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

Why can leukemia cause bones to fracture easily?

A

Because of the metastatic growth to surrounding bone area that weakens it.

32
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What is leucocytopenia?

A

It is the decrease in total WBC count due to inadequate formation or increased destruction.

33
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What are the causes of leucocytopenia?

A
  1. X-Rays and exposure to different isotopes
  2. Drugs (including chemotherapy)
  3. Severe chronic infections
  4. Bone marrow diseases
  5. AIDS
  6. Malaria
  7. Lupus
  8. Enlarged Spleen
  9. Alcoholism
  10. Malnutrition
34
Q

Leucocyte Disorders

What are the symptoms of leucocytopenia?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chills
  3. Sweating

Physiology (7 decks)

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