Lessons Learned Flashcards
What are platelets?
Platelets are cell fragments and do not have nuclei
What effect does a leak in the distillation apparatus have on boiling point?
Leaks in a distillation apparatus increase surface tension, increasing boiling point
How do you calculate half life?
T1/2 = 0.6931/k
How do you find the change in frequency from two wavelengths?
Convert the wavelengths to frequency and use c = (frequency)(wavelength)
What is the path of sperm?
Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube
What is a regulatory function of skin?
Skin can regulate body temperature; when skin stand up it traps air in a layer, providing insulation
What does normal spermatogenesis produce?
4 haploid sperm cells
How do people with self-serving biases respond to situational variables?
Individuals experiencing self-serving bias attribute their own negative behaviors to situational variables
What are the components of the knee-jerk response?
sensory neuron, motor neuron
What is drive in the psychodynamic theory?
Drive is a negative state of tension created when needs are not met
How does group polarization affect focus groups?
Group polarization affects attitude towards a topic as when people discuss together their views tend to get more polarized
What are the characteristics of the 4 stages of sleep?
NREM1 has low brain activity and blood pressure, NREM2 has decreased muscle activity and no consciousness of the external environment, NREM3 is deep sleep with regular breathing and slow brain waves, REM is the deepest stage with partial paralysis and vivid dreams
What is anomie?
Anomie describes the alienation that individuals feel when social norms and social bonds are weak
How does the ideal gas law change at high pressures?
At higher than atmospheric pressure the volume of gas particles in not negligible
Why can light travel long distances without dimming?
Internal reflection allows light to be carried long distances with little amplitude loss, it can propagate forever if nothing absorbs it
What happens when a basic salt is in an aqueous solution?
The anion of a basic salt reacts with water to produce hydroxyl ions
How do you calculate moles given the mass of a compound?
To find the number of moles in a reaction: grams/molar mass
Why do transition metals change colors?
When electrons in lower energy d orbitals absorb visible light they move to the higher energy d orbitals, causing energy absorption that turns solutions a certain color
How does hydrogen bonding effect stereoisomers?
Hydrogen bonding can make stereoisomers have different stability
What is an equation for buoyancy?
F_b = ρ * V * g
How is density related to depth and pressure?
The pressure in a liquid due to the gravitational force of the liquid above a given depth is proportional to the density and the depth
How is pressure related to velocity in a fluid carrying pipe?
The pressure of a liquid in a pipe is greatest where the fluid velocity is lowest
How does Ohms law relate current and resistance of parallel resistors?
Currents in parallel resistors are inversely proportional to their individual resistances because they have the same voltage drop across them
How can you find blood pressure in different parts of the body?
Blood pressure in the body can be determined by rgh and is independent of blood flow or viscosity
How does pKa magnitude relate to acidity?
A smaller magnitude pKa is more acidic but when pKas are negative a greater pKa is more acidic
What is the distance from crest to trough?
The distance from crest to trough is half the wavelength
When the angle is less than 45 degrees what is the relationship between x and y
When theta is less than 45 degrees, x is greater than y
How do mass affect range?
When air resistance is negligible, mass does not affect range
How does height affect range?
Dropping an object from a higher height increases the airtime and thus the range, range increase by sqt of height
Where is the electron density in a sigma bond?
In sigma bonds most of the electron density is between the nuclei
Are single or double, substituted or unsubstituted bonds stronger?
Double bonds are stronger than single bonds, substituted bonds are stronger than unsubstitued ones
How does decreasing the number of hydrogen bonds in a solution effect the absorbance peak for the O-H bond?
Decreasing the number of hydrogen bonds sharpens the O-H absorbance peak and shift the value to a higher wave number
When is a molecule square planar?
Square planar shape occurs when the central atom has two lone pairs and four bonds
How does lone pair-ligand repulsion change the shape of a molecule?
Lone pair-ligand repulsion increases the angle between a lone pair and a bond with the central atom
Why can’t halides be reduced?
Because a halide has a -1 oxidation state it cannot be further reduced
How do you find the number of valence electrons on a central atom?
When finding the number of valence electrons for a central atom bonded electrons count as 2 and lone pairs count as 2
Why are rigid surfaces used in photoelectric experiments?
Rigid surfaces have more surface area so they can absorb more photons
What is terminal velocity?
Terminal velocity is the velocity of an object when its acceleration goes to zero
How does increasing initial velocity affect terminal velocity?
A greater initial velocity causes an object to reach terminal velocity faster but the terminal velocity is the same
What properties of an object does terminal velocity depend on?
Terminal velocity depends on an objects shape, mass, and area
How is mass and area affected when water changes form?
When water turns into another form the mass stays the same but the area may change
How can you deal with two torques on the same side of the fulcrum?
Torque on the same side of the fulcrum can be added to determine the total torque on that side
How are translational and rotational motion affected when the fulcrum is moved away from the center of mass?
When the fulcrum is no longer at the center of mass forces on the rod cause it to accelerate and have translational and rotational motion
Do the fulcrum exert a force or torque on a rod?
A fulcrum exerts a normal force on the rod but no torque because there is no lever arm
Can an object be in motion if its net torque and force are zero?
If the net force and net torque on an object are both zero the object may still be in motion
What kind of reaction produces a racemic mixture?
If the specific rotation is zero the mixture is racemic so it was produced from an Sn1 reaction
For what type of reaction is the rate determined by the nucleophile?
Sn2 reaction rates are determined by the nucleophile
What is the priority order of single, double, and triple bonds
Double bonds are higher priority than single bonds, triple bonds are higher priority than double bonds
Can distillation be used to separate enantiomers?
Enantiomers have the same boiling point so cannot be separated by distillation
Can chiral catalysts change the chirality of products?
Chiral catalysts can change the chirality of the product because the transition state is affected
When do ionization energy exceptions occur?
Ionization energy exceptions occur when there is a half-filled stability of the energy level and when there is an s2-shell
What sub-shell numbers correspond to l=1?
Electrons in the l=1 sub-level can only have -1, 0, or 1 sub-shell numbers
What are paramagnetic species?
Paramagnetic species have an unpaired electron, compounds including transition metal compounds can be paramagnetic
How do you find the number of d orbital electron in a transition metal in a compound?
To find the number of d orbital electrons determine the oxidation state of the transition metal and then use that to adjust from the number of electrons in ground state
Which electrons are removed first when transition metals are ionized?
Electrons are taken from the s orbital and then the d orbital
What is the equation for the work done by a gas?
For a gas, W = -P∆V
What is the relationship between work, heat, and energy in a refrigerator?
In a refrigerator work is added to the system and heat is removed (opposite of heat pump), Energy is conserved
What is the relationship between work, heat, and energy?
∆E - q + w, so when energy is conserved q and w are opposite signed
What happens when gas is compressed?
When gas is compressed heat is released
How many ATPs are produced in one round of glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose
Where do leukocytes travel to?
Leukocytes move towards inflammation
How does glucose travel around the body?
The beating heart circulates blood that distributes glucose to tissues
What does the Hardy-Weinberg law say?
The frequency of carriers is given by 2pq
How do extrachromosomal genes get passed on?
Extrachromosomal genes that are passed on must-self replicate
What happens during meiosis of vertebrate oocytes?
When a vertebrate oocyte divides in meiosis most of the cytoplasm goes to the daughter cell destined to be the ovum and the other daughter cells, the polar bodies, are cast off with little cytoplasm
Does anaerobic respiration require energy input?
ATP must be consumed to kickstart anaerobic respiration
What are the organic components of human bone?
The human bone would be expected to contain calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups
Why can glutamine hydrogen bond with glutamate?
Glutamine’s NH2 group of the side chain can act as a hydrogen bond donor
How do uncompetitive inhibitors effect kinetic values like Km, Kcat, Vmax?
Uncompetitive inhibitors effect Km and Kcat but not Km/Vmax because they bind only to enzyme substrate complexes
What is specific activity?
Specific activity is a measure of the amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein; this provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture
What is the last to elute in size-exclusion chromatography?
In size-exclusion chromatography smallest molecules are the last to elute
What needs to be present to form disulfide bonds?
Disulfide bonds between two protein subunits require a reducing agent
What do good nucleophiles need?
Atoms with available lone pairs make good nucleophiles
When does glucose bind and release its symporter?
Glucose binds to the symporter in high extracellular Na+ concentrations and releases in low intracellular Na+ concentrations
What is the relationship between concentration gradient and movement of ions via simple diffusion?
As the concentration gradient increases the movement of ions through simple diffusion increases
What affect does the AcH receptor have on ion concentration in the cell?
AcH receptor directly allows more Na+ to enter the cell than K+ to leave the cell
When does the threshold potential occur in term of ion movement?
The threshold potential for an aciton potential is the point where the influx of Na+ exactly matches the efflux of K
What is the status of ion channels at the peak of an action potential?
When the action potential peaks, slow Na+ channels have closed but fast channels are still open, K+ channels are open
What enzyme removes a carboxylic acid?
A decarboxylase removes a carboxylic acid
What affect does sympathetic nerve stimulation have on pupil size?
Sympathetic nerve stimulation increases pupil size (dilates pupils)
What lenses are used to fix lens and cornea issues
Lens and cornea issues should be fixed with compatible non-uniform lenses that allow the image to focus on the retina
How do competitive inhibitors affect the maximum and half-maximum binding substrate concentrations?
Competitive inhibitors don’t change the maximum binding concentration because receptors are not changed but the half-maximum binding becomes higher because the receptor has less affinity for the substrate
What happens when a pathway stimulates both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
When a pathway stimulates both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system one may be dominant causing stress
How do the lengths of fibers compare in the sympathetic nervous system?
Preganglionic fibers are short while postganglionic fibers are long
Why do blood capillaries have lower velocity?
Capillaries have larger cross-sectional areas so lower average velocities because blood flow is velocity x cross sectional area
How do veinus pressure and arterial pressure change over the heart cycle?
Arterial pressure but not veinus pressure changes significantly over the heart cycle
What component of the circulatory system has a low percentage of blood?
Arterioles have the least blood volume in the circulatory system, veins have a much higher percentage of the blood than arteries
What happens to arterial and venous pressure and blood flow if the heart stops?
If the heart stops cardiac output is reduced to zero and the pressures in the venous and arterial systems equilibrate
What hormones affect blood volume directly?
Vasopressin and aldosterone directly increase blood volume
How are single unit fibers coupled in the smooth muscle?
In the smooth muscle single unit fibers are coupled through gap junctions
The channels of which ions are responsible for the speed of action potentials in smooth muscles?
Calcium is responsible for the conduction velocity of an action potential in smooth muscles
How does duodenum activity effect the gallbladder?
The duodenum secretes CCK and CCK stimulates gallbladder contraction
What do anti-acids do?
Anti-acids delay the appearance of acid in the stomach by neutralizing the increase in gastrointestinal acid caused by eating
What are trypsins?
Trypsins are secreted by the pancreas and activate digestive enzymes in the small intestine
What component of the intestine is responsible for fat droplet absorption?
Intestinal cell microvilli are responsible for the absorption of fat droplets
What is bile salt secretion needed for?
Bile sale secretion is needed for cholesterol absorption in the small intestine
What and where does lipoprotein lipase do?
Lipoprotein lipase cleaves the fatty acids from a molecule before it reaches the liver, cholesterol remains
What happens when the solute concentration increases in the glomerulus?
Filtration rate decreases in the glomerulus if the solute concentration gets too high
How is sodium transported back across the membrane during reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by symporters with glucose and amino acids
What is the relationship between afferent/efferent and artery/vein direction of movement?
Arteries align with afferent, veins align with efferent
What happens to resting potential if the bodily concentration of K+ is decreased?
If there is less K+ in a cell, the resting membrane potential will be more negative because there will be even less positive ions in the cell
What happens to enzymes if there is a hole in dialysis tubing
The enzyme will exit the tubing if there is a hole
What does the hormone erythropoietin do and what organ produces it?
Erythropoietin signals the bone marrow to make more red blood cells and is produced by the kidney
What is edema and what organ failure does it indicate?
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces leading to tissue swelling and indicates tissue failure
How are concentrations altered by dialysis tubing?
Small ions and water can move through dialysis tubing, concentration of larger molecules depends on the water movement
How does protein in the plasma affect osmotic force in Bowman’s capsule?
Protein in the plasma can’t be filtered to it creates an osmotic force that pulls fluid away from Bowman’s capsule
How does the body react to a decreased level of something?
The body acts to reverse a deficiency causing increased levels of what was decreased and its product
How do steroid hormones relay signals?
Steroid hormones like testosterone pass through the plasma membranes of cells, directly affecting DNA transcription
How does the humanistic perspective explain behavior?
In the humanistic perspective behavior is explained through self-concept and incongruence
What is locus of control?
Locus of control is belief about whether life events are due to own actions (internal) or due to outside forces beyond your control (external)
What is habituation?
Habituation is loss of response to a repeating stimuli
How do experiences shape people with functioning implicit memories?
Having implicit memory capabilities allows an individual to develop and and change responses based on experiences
What is validity in a sociology experiment?
Validity refers to the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied
What is the relationship between education level and risk for health issues?
Greater educational attainment is often associated with less risk factors for health issues
Why does plating metals on carbon increase reactivity?
Plating a metal onto the surface of carbon maximizes surface area making reactivity most efficient
What gases can form after the cation is completely reduced in an electrolytic cell?
Once the cation is completely reduced, hydrogen and oxygen gas may form from electrolysis of water
How is electricity conducted in carbon complexes?
Deconjugated pi bonds in carbon complexes can conduct electricity
How does the sign and magnitidue of E_cell correspond to energy input needed?
A more negative E_cell requires more voltage input for electrolysis
What relationship between cathode and anode cation concentration yields higher a higher voltage?
Cells with higher ratios of cathode cation to anode cation have higher voltages (E_observed > E_cell)
How can the life of a Galvanic cell be increased?
Increasing cation concentration can increase the life of a Galvanic cell
When does E_observed = E_cell in a Galvanic cell?
When the anode and cathode cation concentrations are equal the E_observed = E_cell
How does the IR absorbance of an alkene double bond compare to that of a carbonyl?
Alkene IR absorbances are slightly lower than carbonyls because the carbonyl bond is slightly shorter/stronger
Can the hydrogen of an aldehyde can be split by hydrogens on the carbon on the other side of the carbonyl in hNMR?
The hydrogen of an aldehyde can be split by hydrogens on the carbon on the other side of the carbonyl
When is the secondary oocyte arrested?
The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase
What is the function of prostaglandins in reproduction?
Prostaglandins are known to regulate the female reproductive system, and are involved in the control of ovulation, the menstrual cycle and the induction of labour
What happens to progesterone levels when labor begins?
Progesterone is blocked when contractions are induced
What hormones maintain the corpus lutetium during menstruation and pregnancy?
LH maintains the corpus lutetium during luteal phase of menstruation and hCG secreted by the placenta maintains it during pregnancy
What organs produce estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?
The placenta takes over estrogen and progesterone production from the ovaries after the first 6 weeks of pregnancy
What hormone and organ control the production of steroids during pregnancy?
The production of steroids during the early part of gestation is dependent on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) derived from the placenta
What ducts develop into the uterus and ejaculatory genitals?
Mullerian ducts develop into the uterus and Wolffian ducts develop into male genitals
When in gestation do sex based differences emerge?
Around week 6 of gestation the embryonic gonads become distinguishable by sex
What is the relationship between resistance and radius of a tube?
Resistance of a tube is inversely proportional to the radius to the the fourth power
How does estrogen cause relaxation?
Estrogen directly acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause relaxation
How does estrogen prevent coronary artery diseases?
Estrogen acts as a vasodilator and blocks vasoconstrictors
What hormone directly triggers ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone directly triggers ovulation
What organs produce and secrete oxytocin?
The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and sends it to the posterior pituitary where it is secreted
How can hormones be released without communicating with the bloodstream?
Hormones can be secreted from one cell to another without moving through the bloodstream
What do agonists do?
Agonists activate receptors and illicit a physiological response
Are spermatogonia haploid or diploid?
Spermatogonia are diploid cells
How are forces and centripetal force related in an oscillating pendulum?
In an oscillating pendulum, the sum of forces acting on the pendulum (tension minus gravity) is equal to the centripetal force
Are energy and momentum conserved in an oscillating pendulum?
Momentum and energy are not conserved because the external force of gravity is acting on the system and kinetic energy is constantly changing
What kind of neurotransmitters are most responsible for the perception of pain?
The neurotransmitters largely responsible for the perception of pain are endorphins (polypeptides produced in the brain)
Where is the concentration of a substance highest if it can move freely about the body?
If there are no significant barriers to a substances passage through the body its concentration will equilibrate around the body
What do phosphodiesterases do?
Phosphodiesterases break down ATP and cAMP
Does the brain have nociceptors?
The brain does not have nociceptors, making it insensitive to pain
What is a quasi-experimental design?
A quasi-experimental design systematically compares differences between groups that to which participants have not been randomly assigned
When is nonspecific immunity developed?
Nonspecific immunity develops from birth, prior to birth the placenta transfers antibodies
What kinds of bonds can be dissolved in high salt or high pH concentrations?
Weak bonds (hydrogen, van der waals, hydrophobic) can be dissolved in high salt and high pH concentrations, strong bonds (covalent) cannot
How does an antigen bind an antibody?
An epitope on the antigen binds a paratope on the antibody
What is a monovalent antigen?
A monovalent anitgen has affinity for only one epitope
How do cascades amplify products?
In biological cascades an enzyme acts on many molecules of the next step, amplifying the products
How is bone marrow involved in antibody production?
The bone marrow is the site of B-cell birth and maturation, B-cells are responsible for the production of antibodies
Where and by what is heme degraded?
Heme is degraded by bilirubin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Where do polypeptide hormones act?
Polypeptide hormones act on receptors on the plasma membrane of a cell
How to insulin and EGF receptors convey messages within the cell?
EGF and insulin receptors use similar signal transduction mechanisms in that they both activate kinase cascades
What is the general pathway from secondary messengers to cellular response?
Secondary messengers often activate kinases/phosphatases which activate proteins which cause a cellular response
What is missing in individuals with type 1 diabetes?
In type 1 diabetes individuals do not have beta cells in the pancreas so they do not release insulin
What energetic cycle does insulin promote?
Insulin promotes glycolysis and the use of glucose as a source of fuel
What measures the kinetic energy of a gas?
Temperature is a measure of a gas’s kinetic energy, at the same temperature all gases have the same kinetic energy
What types of molecules deviate the most from the ideal gas law?
Molecules withe more intermolecular forces/more polar molecules and larger molecules deviate most from the ideal gas law
What equation relates pressure and force?
Pascal’s Principle: P=F/A
What happens in a container when pressure is unequal?
When pressure is unequal liquid will flow to the side of less pressure until equilibrium is reached
How does pressure change if density increases but force and area stay the same?
If force and area remain constant, pressure remains constant
What is the relationship between area and velocity in a tube? How does decreasing area affect pressure?
If the cross sectional area is smaller, fluid velocity will be larger (Av=k), this will make the pressure smaller (Bernoulli’s equation)
What kind of gas is best to propel through a has chromatography apparatus?
The best gas to propel through the gas chromatography apparatus is inert
Why does less of the more volatile liquid get removed as fractional distillation goes on?
As the distillation column heats up, there is less condensation so less of the more volatile liquid is removed
What state are most common amino acids in at physiological pH?
At physiological pH most of the common amino acids are in their zwitterionic form (amino group protonated and carboxyl group deprotonated)
What is the difference between hydration and hydroxylation?
Hydration is a complexation of water with another compound, hydroxylation adds a hydroxyl group to an organic compound
Why is a wide range of pKa values found within a protein?
Different R groups on amino acids have different pKas
How many molecules of water do you need to form an amide bond?
Formation of an amide bond for a polypeptide chain requires 1 molecule of water
What phase is S phase in?
S phase is a part of interphase
What types of cells don’t replicate?
Nerve cells and skeletal muscle cells do not replicate but remain in G1
What can autoradiography show?
Autoradiography can locate radioactively labeled molecules from radioactive decay of an isotope
Where is bacterial DNA located in the cell?
Bacterial DNA is in the cytoplasm, bacteria do not have nuclei!
Do rods or cones facilitate photopic or scotopic vision?
Cones facilitate photopic vision and rods facilitate scotopic vision
What is the relationship between interaural time difference and the distance the input travels to a coincidence detector?
The larger the ITF the farther that auditory input travels to reach a coincidence detector
What kind of information does the lateral geniculate nucleus process?
The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus processes visual information from the contralateral field
Is competitive inhibition reversible or irreversible?
Competitive inhibition is reversible
What happens to a cell when no NET ATP is produced?
If ATP is not made, the cell stops growing
What does an uncoupling agent do?
An uncoupling agent prevents the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
What happens in familial hypercholesterolemia
In FH LDL receptors don’t work so the cell increases LDL production and there is more LDL in the blood
How do ingested molecules end up in the bloodstream?
When molecules are digested they move into the bloodstream
What tissue stores the most glycogen?
Muscle has the most glycogen
What process converts pyruvate and alanine into glycogen?
Alanine and pyruvate become glycogen through gluconeogenesis
What is a transamination reaction?
Transamination is a reversible chemical reaction that transfers an amino group from an amino acid to an α-keto acid
What does a lower pKa say in terms of charge?
A lower pKa means the proton will be lost at a lower pH, and the molecule will be more negative
What is a monohybrid cross?
A monohybrid cross involves individuals that differ only with respect to the alleles at a single locus
What is the frequency of a homozygous dominant individual?
The prevalence of a homozygous dominant individual is p^2
Which bases are one member rings and which are two?
Purine rings (A,G) are two member, pyrimidine rings (C,T, U) are one member
Are bacterial DNA in the same packaging as eukaryotic DNA?
No, bacterial genomes are not packaged with histone proteins
What amino acid does AUG code for in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
AUG is the start codon and encodes for methionine in eukaryotes and N-formylmethionine in prokaryotes
What is genetic drift?
Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
Does the sense strand or the antisense strand give rise to functional RNA? Which one is identical to the functional RNA?
The antisense strand gives rise to functional RNA, which is nearly identical to the sense strand, the sense strand is not transcribed but contains the genetic code
Are base-paired strands oriented in the same or opposite directions?
Oposite- a 5’ to 3’ strand matches complementary to a 3’ to 5’ strand
What is tRNA?
tRNA is the amino acid carrier for protein translation
What equation can be used to determine the number of strands made in n cycles of DNA replication?
2x2^n
How do prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity?
Prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity through conjugation, transformation, transduction, and transposable elements
Are normally produced mRNA sense or antisense?
Normally produced mRNA are sense mRNA
What is hypoxia?
Hypoxia is when the body or a part of the body doesn’t have enough oxygen at the tissue level
What can cause diarrhea in terms of liquid uptake?
Increased movement of water from luminal epithelial cells to the intestinal lumen when something in the intestine can’t be digested can causes diarrhea
What is symport transport?
Symport refers to the transport of molecules in the same direction across the membrane
What are trans-acting genes?
Trans-acting genes are capable of activating on another chromosome
Is a molecule that is bound to DNA diffusible?
If a molecule is bound to DNA it is no longer diffusible
How does the fiber stay the same size when the muscle contracts?
Both ends of the microfilament are capped so that the fiber doesn’t change length as the muscle contracts
How do microfilaments elongate?
Microfilaments elongate by adding more actin monomers, most quickly to the + end
How does conjugation work?
In conjugation genes are transferred across a sexpilus from one bacteria to another
What is a stereotypes? Can it be about one’s own group?
Stereotype is an often unconscious categorization used to predict behavior, can be about one’s own group
What kind of input encodes for echoic memory?
Echoic memory is encoded by acoustic sensory information
What pairs of letters are most likely to be confused in the phonological loop?
Letters that sound the same (not look the same) are more likely to be confused in the phonological loop
What is lost and released in decarboxylation?
In decarboxylation the terminal carbon of a reactant is lost and carbon dioxide is released
Does an alkyne disrupt phospholipid packing?
An alkyne does not disrupt phospholipid packing because it is linear
Are any phospholipids uncharged?
No since all phospholipids have a negative phosphate group (although they can have a net charge of 0)
What state is a compound in past the supercritical point?
Past the supercritical point the compound exists as a supercritical fluid
What oxidation state do carbon-oxygen bonds give the carbon atom?
Carbon-oxygen bonds give the carbon atom a +1 oxidation state
What byproduct does the first carbon of pyruvate become in the link reaction between glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle?
The first carbon is becomes carbon dioxide
What atom do most reducing agents have?
Reducing agents almost always have hydrogens to lose
If an atom bonded to sulfur is now bonded to carbon instead how has its oxidation state changed?
Sulfur is more electronegative than carbon so the bond change causes reduction
What happens to the total current when total resistance increase and voltage stays constant?
If the total resistance increases the total current decreases
What is the equation for power in terms of voltage and currant?
P=VI
When a switch is first closed on an uncharged capacitor what is the current?
The current through the capacitor is 0 when the switch is first closed
What is Req for resistors in parallel?
R = 1/R1+1/R2 + etc
Is voltage difference the same across resistors in parallel or series?
Voltage difference is the same across resistors in parallel (current is the same across series)
Where will current flow towards when it is first turned on in a capacitor circuit?
When current is first turned on it will flow towards an uncharged capacitor
For what order of reaction is half life constant?
Half life is constant in a first order reaction (t1/2 = .693/k)
Should reactant or product absorbance be monitored in an experiment?
During a reaction, reactant decrease should be monitored
What is the equation that relates absorbance and concentration?
Abs = molar absorptivity (e) x concentration
Why does reaction rate slow near equilibrium?
As the reaction reaches equilibrium the rate slows as there are less reactants
Is a beta or alpha anomer more stable?
The stability of a beta vs alpha anomer depends on which one puts the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon in an equatorial position
What is unique about the structure of B-D-glucopyranose?
In B-D-glucopyranose all the substituents on the pyranose ring have equatorial orientation
How does a D anomer differ from an L anomer in a Hawthorne ring projection
In a D anomer C6 is up, in an L it is down
Is dissolving endothermic or exothermic?
Dissolving is exothermic because energy is released when water molecules form bonds with the solute
How is an element removed in ion-exchange?
In liquid ion-exchange the element you want to remove from water is precipitated out as a solid
What is an ambient stressor?
An ambient stressor is a global challenge that affects individuals on a subconscious level and are always present in one’s environment and threat long-term well being
What does drive to reduce a physiological need account for?
An organism’s drive to reduce a physiological need account for the energy of motivation but not the direction (rate or lengths it goes to to reduce)
What does incremental theory mean in the context of how people view themselves?
Incremental theory means that people’s view can change and grow as opposed to being static
What is the average IQ of a 23 year old?
The average IQ of a 23 year old is 100
Why is a compound more acidic when the nonmetal is in its highest oxidation state?
At its highest oxidation state the atom is as electron-poor as possible
What is log2? What is log3?
log2 = 0.3 log3 = 0.48
Is an alkaline solution basic or acidic?
An alkaline solution has more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions so it is basic
How can a strong base and weak acid be titrated to make a buffer solution?
A strong base can be titrated with a weak acid by adding half the moles of base to the acid to convert have a of the acid to its conjugate base and make a buffer solution
When does pH = pKa?
pH = pKa when the concentration of base and acid are equal, or at half the volume of the equivalence point
What is the weak acid short cut for finding the pH given the concentration of acid and the pKa?
pH = 1/2pKa - 1/2log[HA]
What is the shape of the titration curve for a strong acid or base?
A strong acid or base has a sigmoidal titration curve without a lip at the beginning
What is the ratio of acid to base equivalents at the equivalence point?
At the equivalence point there are equal equivalents of base and acid (same moles of both)
What is the wavelength of a standing wave?
A standing wave is at the fundamental frequency so the wavelength is double the length of the string
What is the equation for the frequency of a closed tube?
f = v/4L
How do we detect the location of a sound?
Sound location is detected based off the time difference it takes for the sound to reach either ear
What is sound quality?
Sound quality refers to the number of harmonics that accompany the fundamental frequency
How do you increase the intensity of a sound?
To increase intensity you must increase the source of the sound
What are infrasonic frequencies?
Infrasonic means frequencies lower than those audible to humans
What is the limit of accuracy in a sound measurement
The limit of accuracy is the wavelength of the sound wave
Why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep?
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because it has brain waves similar to alert and active thinking stages
What hormone is released before sleep and what hormone is released during sleep?
Melatonin, growth hormone
What is counterbalancing?
Participants are assigned to different groups that interact with the stimulus in a difference way or order
What kind f statistic does an ANOVA test yeuld
ANOVA tests yields an F statistic
How is an ANOVA test described (blank x blank)?
An ANOVA test is described by the number of independent variables x the number of groups
What is a major aspect of the nativistic theory of language acquisition?
Language acquisition device
In linguistic relativity what influences the way we perceive reality?
The specific language we speak influences the way we perceive reality
What are equilibrium constants effected by?
Equilibrium constants are only effected by temperature
How many O2s do hemoglobin and myoglobin bind?
Hemoglobin binds 4 O2s, myoglobin binds 1
Does the amount of oxygen present increase or decrease in scuba diving?
In scuba diving the amount of oxygen present increases
What state is bromine most stable in
Diatomic liquid
What generates heat in a circuit?
Resistance generates heat in a circuit
Is heat absorbed or released in precipitation reactions?
In precipitation reactions heat is released
How many kJs are in a kcal?
4.18kJ in 1 kcal
What is an imine?
Nitrogen with a double bond to a carbon
How is an imine formed?
Imines are formed when ketones are reacted with alkyl amines
What is the equation for momentum?
p = mv
When molecules are moving faster do they collide with more or less force?
Molecules collide with more force when they are moving faster
What is diffusion rate proportional to?
The inverse of the square root of molecular weight
Does pressure of a gas depend on container shape?
The pressure exerted by a gas is independent of the shape of the container
The critical temperature is when a BLANK can no longer be converted to a BLANK by increasing the pressure
Gas to liquid
What state do supercritical fluids have the properties of?
Liquids
What are allotropes?
molecules of one atom that can take multiple forms at the same state
What is the common type of kidney stone?
Calcium salt
What is the expression for the frictional force acting on a block on an incline?
mgcos theta
What is the equation for centripetal force?
ma = v^2/r
At what temperature is pH + pOH = 14?
25 C
How do you find the amount of base to neutralize an acid?
Find the number of moles of base needed to match, taking into account the coefficients in the equation
What color cones are in the fovea?
Red and green cones are in the fovea
What is the amplitude of interfering waves at a node?
0
What is the relationship between the index of refraction and speed of light?
v = c/n
What material has a very large index of refraction?
Diamond
What is the property of materials to transmit light over long distances
Transparency
Are larger or smaller wavelengths refracted (bent) more?
Smaller waves refract more
Do all peas in a pod have the same genes?
No
Are replication forks bidirectional?
Yes
What has circular DNA?
Prokaryotes (bacteria), mitochondria, chloroplasts
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
What are sticky ends cut by?
Restriction endonucleases
What is a supernatant?
The liquid formed at the top in a reaction or centrifugation, free of precipitate
What is the most recognizable feature of erythrocytes?
Lack a nucleus
What are nucleases?
Enzymes that break down nucleotides in DNA and RNA
Do shorter fragments go smaller or greater distances down a Northern blot?
Shorter fragments move farther down
What charge are acids at biological pH?
Negative
What forces hold an integral membrane protein at the membrane?
Hydrophobic forces
Do cis bonds in fatty acids make the membrane more or less fluid?
More fluid because they cannot pack as closely together
Do gram positive or gram negative bacteria have outer membranes?
Gram negative
What do both gram negative and positive bacteria have?
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
What do all bacteria cells share?
Cell walls!
Where do vesicles enter the golgi?
The cis face
Where is a signal peptide of a protein cleaved
In the rough ER
Where are proteins that stay in the cell translated?
On cytosolic ribosomes
Where is the free phosphate in a DNA strand
At the 5’ end (top)
Is there ever uracil in DNA?
Yes during replication when there are RNA primers
What does DNA exonuclease do?
Proofreads and removes RNA at primers
What are reciprocal determinisms?
The idea that behavior is influenced by and influences your social environment and cognitive processes
What are the ABCs of attitude?
Affective (emotions and feelings), behavioral (reactions), cognitive (thoughts)
What is the theory of reasoned action?
An individual’s intention or cognitive readiness to perform a behavior is a function of his or her attitude to become more aligned with the behavior (action affects behavior)
What are subjective norms?
People’s opinions/beliefs on appropriate behavior in a particular situation
How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?
By getting new info on the problem, reducing its importance, denying the conflict or changing the conditions so the behavior stops
What neurotransmitters are decrease in the monoamine theory of depression?
Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
What behaviors are associated with histrionic disorders?
Attention seeking and dramatic
What are somatoform disorders?
Feeling physical symptoms that don’t have a physical cause
What properties of an object effect its drag force?
The shape and size of the object
Is blood pressure greater at the top or bottom of the body?
Blood pressure is greater at the bottom of the body
Is buoyant force dependent on the density of the solution?
No since the weight of the object doesn’t change the buoyant force doesn’t change (B = mg - N)
What is the equation for time at the peak for parabolic motion?
Tapex = vi/g
What is the horizontal acceleration in parabolic motion?
0
In what kind of a solution is a substance with a high pKa mostly in its basic form?
Basic solution (deprotonates)
Where are drugs taken orally usually degraded?
In the liver where the compound is bio transformed and inactivated
What is the source of ATP’s energy?
Oxidation of nutrients from food
Do chloride ions contribute to resting membrane potential?
No
What are glial cells in the central nervous system called?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the relationship between force and area?
P = F/A
At a hair cells ideal frequency is the amplitude of sound needed to elicit a response large or small?
Small
Are antibodies innate or acquired immunity?
Antibodies are acquired immunity because they are acquired from introduction to the antigen
What regulates calcium metabolism?
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D3
What are the features of a pedigree tree for sex linked dominant disorders?
All of the daughters and none of the sons of affected males should have the trait
What does parathyroid hormone do?
PTH allows for calcium reabsorption from bone by stimulating osteoclasts and transiently inhibiting osteoblasts
What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts are bone forming cells and osteoclasts are cells that break down bone
What is hypotension?
Hypotension is low blood pressure
What happens in the thymus?
T cells mature during early development in the thymus
Where do B cells come from?
Bone marrow and and fetal liver produce B cells which in then produce antibodies
What are the three types of muscle?
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
What types of cells to cytotoxic T cells target?
They kill all cells because viruses can infect any cell type
What is the integument?
Skin
What class of molecules are steroids?
Steroids are lipids
What is a compliment mutation?
When mutations in two separate genes work together to form a normal phenotype
What is an obligate parasite?
An obligate parasite is an organism that must rely on other organisms solely to survive
What do radioimmunoassays do?
Radioimmunoassays use antibodies to the compound of interest to separate it from a mix of compounds
What is hematocrit?
Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells
What element is radiolabeled to test protein
Sulfur
Can nucleic acids form secondary structures?
Yes- tRNA cloverleaf, stem loop, pseudoknot
What expresses reporter genes?
Plasmid vectors that want the plasmid to be identified in the inserted gene
What is a characteristic of an anti-tumor gene
Expression inhibits cell growth
During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase
What is senescence?
Senescences is when cells permanently stop dividing but don’t die, sometimes because of DNA damage
What kind of inhibition is it if a lot of substrate gets rid of the effects?
Competitive because the substrate out competes the inhibitor
What kinds of agents help form disulfide bonds?
Oxidizing agents
What germ layer gives rise to the neural tube?
The ectoderm gives rise to the neural tube
Are coenzymes organic or inorganic?
Organic (things like ATP)
What do hydrolases do?
Hydrolases catalyze the breakdown of bonds through the addition of water
Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?
Motor neurons are efferent (bring info away from the spinal chord)
What neurotransmitter is involved in the mesolimbic pathway?
Dopamine is the MT of the mesolimbic pathway
What are hairpin loops for?
Hairpin loops can regulate transcription by causing the RNA polymerase to dissociate from the DNA
What does cAMP signal in bacteria
High levels of cAMP signal low levels of glucose and vice versa because glucose lowers the cAMP concentration
What RNA polymerase transcribes protein encoding genes?
RNA Polymerase II
What are operons?
Clusters of genes in bacteria that are controlled by a single promoter
What do riboenzymes do?
Riboenzymes splice unprocessed mRNA
What are the different types of bacterial RNA polymerase?
Bacteria only has one type of RNA polymerase
What does the leader sequence of an operon do?
The leader sequence can terminate transcription before RNA polymerase reaches coding genes if the molecule produced is present
What are polycistronic transcripts?
Polyccistronic transcripts are in prokaryotes and contain muliple start codons to translate multiple proteins
What is the start codon?
AUG
What is subliminal distraction?
Subliminal distraction is when a subtle moving stimuli in one’s periphery is registered and influences perception/behavior
What is the James-Lange theory?
Emotions are the result of physiological responses to events (physiological –> cognitive –> emotion)
What is the pathway of cortisol production?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis causes cortisol production
Where is the amygdala?
Each amygdala is in the temporal lobes
When do babies start to show preference for a caregiver?
At 4 to 6 months
What is secondary socialization?
Secondary socialization is when you learn the norms and behaviors of a smaller group within society
What type of reinforcement is avoidance learning?
Negative reinforcement where a behavior is avoided later
What does the peripheral route to persuation concentrate on?
The image of something or more superficial information
What is economic capital?
Economic capitol is the financial resources of goods and services available
What is quinone?
A conjugated dione benzene
What is the work function of a detector?
Minimum energy needed to move its electron, subtracted in energy calculations
How to add resistors in parallel?
1/R+1/R=1/Rt
At what angle is the range of a projectile maximized?
45 degrees
What is terminal velocity?
The constant speed an object reaches when gravity equals the resistive force (usually from air resistance)
What does standard deviation measure?
SD measures how far data points are from the mean, so things that are constant throughout the experiment do not affect it
What is the equation for range of a projectile?
R =2 sin 2 theta/g
What is the equation for total flight time?
t = 2voy/g (depends on velocity in the y direction only!)
At what two angles is range the same?
Complementary angles
Is traction based on static or kinetic friction?
Static because it’s not sliding
What is free fall?
When an object moves freely because gravity is the only force (astronauts)
What causes the depolarization of muscle fibers?
Binding of acetylcholine triggers Na+ channels to open
What method does southern blot use to differentiate mutant and WT alleles?
Restriction digest that disrupts palindromic sites
What is kept constant in Michaelis-Menten graphs?
Enzyme concentration
Where does anterograde transport start and end?
Anterograde transport is from the soma to the axon terminal
In what form does glucose enter the mitochondrial matrix?
As pyruvate
What lobe is visual information processed in?
Visual information is processed in the occipital lobe
What cells does light first touch in the eye?
Ganglion cells
What is serum?
Serum is the fluid component of blood that carries nutrients around the body
What accumulates when a multistep reaction is blocked?
The intermediate just before the inhibited enzyme should accumulate
What does serotonin control?
Memory, learning, mood, appetite, sleep, sex
What kind of muscle regulation are cardiac and smooth muscle controlled by? Striated muscle?
Cardiac and smooth muscle are controlled by myosin-based regulation, striated (skeletal muscle is controlled by actin-based regulation
What muscles in the thigh oppose each other’s motion?
Hamstrings and quadriceps (when one contracts the other relaxes and vice versa)
What is a thin contractile protein called? A thick contractile protein?
Actin, myosin
How does role playing affect attitude?
When a person’s behavior is influenced by the position they are in it can affect their attitude about themselves or others
What does outcome depend on in game theory?
Outcome depends on the actions of the other players so you must take their choices into account for your strategy
What is the difference between proactive and reactive social movements?
Proactive social movement aim to enact change, reactive social movement resist change
What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA?
Inhibitory and present throughout the brain
What psychological method does brainwashing use?
Operant conditioning (isolation, dependency, and reward)
What are the social renditions of conflict theory?
Class and status disparity
What personality traits determine behavior in Allport’s trait theory
Cardinal traits are rare but determine behavior
What are the waves of an alert person?
Beta
What is the main feature of Treisman’s model
attenuation to decrease the intensity of certain stimuli
What is the difference between a confounding variable and a moderating variable?
a confounding variable distorts the relationship between variables, while a moderating variable affects the strength or direction of that relationship
What type of task is repeating words or numbers you hear?
Shadowing (not recall because don’t need to remember)
Where is linguistic information processed?
Linguistic information is processed in the left cerebral hemisphere
Where is the hypothalamus?
The ventral brain (next to the pituitary gland and thalamus)
What physiological effect does cocaine have?
Cocaine inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (sometimes mimics stress)
What happens in instinctual drift?
In animals established habits learned with operant techniques are replaced by innate food-related behaviors
What are some agents of socialization?
Pop culture, school, family, religion
What happens to the spring constant when the number of coils increases?
The k decreases
How do you distinguish exponential/radical charts?
The graph curve towards the axis with the variable that changes by more each time, put the relationship into y = x to the whatever first
What’s the equation for momentum?
p = mv
How do you increases the torque applied on a wheel?
Increase the distance of the lever arm
What is the equation for power in terms of work?
P = W/time
Where is ribosomal RNA synthesized?
The nucleolus
How do enzymes get into the nucleus?
Nuclear pores
How are non-standard amino acids incorporated into proteins?
They are usually incorporated into proteins as the standard amino acid and then later modified
Where is urea synthesized?
The liver
What form do antibodies often take?
Antibodies (usually bivalent) often cross-link antigen molecules into a large lattice
Does cholesterol increase or decrease fluidity when it is in high concentrations?
Increases fluidity
Why does cholesterol form plaque?
Because it is insoluble in water
What are the monomers of lactose?
Glucose and galactose through B1-4 glycosidic bond
What is the decibal formula?
10xlog(intensity)
How do fluorescent dyes work?
Fluorescent dyes that go into molecules of interest absorb light energy at a specific wavelength and emit a longer wavelength, producing color (even when the molecule itself does not absorb the wavelength)
What kind of enzyme transfers phosphate groups from ATP to target proteins?
Transferase
If a product of a reaction is colored what can you assume?
That the product has conjugation
How do you decrease steric hindrance?
Replace bulky substituents with smaller groups
What tends to cause dimers to dissociate?
Electrostatic repulsion
What is the hybridization of most transition states?
sp3
What is the measure variable?
The dependent variable (y axis)
What is a positive cooperativity hill constant?
Greater than 1
In what virus cycle does the virus DNA integrate into the host cell?
Lysogenic cycle
What amino acids have amide groups?
Glutamine and Asparagine
What axis is the independent variable on?
X axis
Are morbidity rates higher for men or women? Mortality rates?
Morbidity rates are higher for women, mortality rates are higher for men
What is the poverty line in the US for a family of 4?
$27,890
What is the common cause of conformity?
Peer pressure
What is the path of a cohort study?
Start with a group of healthy participants and track them over time to see who develops the disease
Does sex influence gender
Yes, sex is a gender characteristic
What is a key characteristic of stage 4 of demographic transition?
In stage 4 there is population stagnation or decline
What is adaptive attitude in functional attitudes theory?
When people change their beliefs about things to match what is widely accepted in a group
Is resolution of conflicts required in each stage of Erikson’s model?
No but it is healthier
What are some examples of social groups?
Clubs, businesses, families, circles of friends, local religious congregations, and fraternity and sorority chapters (shared identity, interaction, sense of belonging)
Who is in your secondary group?
People that you interact with superficially and not for long
What neurotransmitters do opioids like heroin and morphine mimic?
Endorphins or the natural painkillers of the brain (sex and exercise and please)
What is a proximal stimulus?
A proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by sensory receptors
What are false memories?
Memories that feel real but are distorted or not true
How is the subject’s motivation state found in operant conditioning?
Negative punishment- deprivation
Should controlled factors be adjusted for statistically?
No bc they’ve already been accounted for
What is incentive theory?
The incentive theory says that factors in community and culture can motivate behavior
What’s the difference between social and cultural capital?
Social capital is about network and relationships while cultural capital is about education, language, social norms, appearance
James-Lange Theory?
Trigger (snake) –> Physical change (heart pounding) –> Emotion (fear)
Cannon-Bard Theory?
Trigger (snake) –> simultaneously physical change (heart pounding) and emotion (fear)
Schachter-Singer?
Trigger (snake) –> simultaneously physical change (hear pounding) and cognitive label (I’m scared) –> emotion (fear)
What is the intensity threshold of sound that causes pain?
120 dB
What are nociceptors?
Nerve endings in skin, joints, muscle that detect pain and send signals to the brain
What part of the body perceives motion and acceleration?
The vestibular system of the ear (semicircular canals. utricle/horizontal, saccule/vertical)
What causes action potentials in hair cells?
Bending of stereocilia attached to the tectorial membrane
What happens in the formal operational stage
13-25 years, children can understand the perspectives of others
What happens in the concrete operational stage?
7-11 years, Children think rationally and logically, have conservation skills
What happens in the pre-operational stage?
4-7 years, children use symbols to represent things, pretend play
What does SDS-PAGE separate proteins by?
SDS-PAGE separates proteins by mass
What does affinity chromatography separate proteins by?
Affinity chromatography separates proteins by interaction with a specific ligand
What does isoelectric focusing separate proteins by?
pH at which the molecule has no charge (isoelectric point)
What enzyme is used in gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis?
Glucose 6-phosphatase
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen breakdown
What is gluconeogenesis
Creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids, lactate, glycerol)
What are some starting materials in gluconeogenesis?
lactate, ocalocaetate, alpha ketoglutarate, pyruvate
What are the units of Farad?
Coulomb’s/Volt
What does an uncompettive inhibitor do to Vmax and Km?
Decreases Vmax, decreases Km
What is molar ratio?
Molar fraction: x = ni/ntotal
How do anion exchange columns work?
In anion exchange columns molecules are separated by charge as negative molecules are attracted to the positive resin, then a counter ion is added to elude the molecule
How is a protein prepared for SDS-PAGE?
The protein is denatured in the detergent so it forms a linear chain that is then separated by size and negative charge
What is mixed inhibition?
When the inhibitor can bind to the enzyme or the enzyme substrate complex
What does pull down of a protein mean?
The pull-down assay which isolates a specific protein from a mixture
Where is cytochrome c and what does it do?
Cytochrome c acts in the mitochondrial membrane where is shuttles electrons one at a time
Is the pellet or the supernatant solid/more dense?
The pellet
What is the average molecular weight of an amino acid?
110 Da
How many reduced electron carriers are made in the citric acid cycle?
4 (3 NADH, 1 FADH2)
What is the equation for the efficiency of an enzyme?
efficiency = kcat/Km = Vmax/Km[E]
How can data show independent pathways?
If blocking one pathway still leads to products of the other pathway
What synthesizes RNA primers in DNA replication?
Primase
What processes make up endogenous glucose production?
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen?
Glycogen phosphorylase
What are the two consequence types in functionalism?
Manifest and latent
What kind of sensory cells are in the cochlear ganglia?
Bipolar and unipolar cells
What does a study limitation mean?
A study limitation is a shortcoming in the design of the experiment that affects interpretation of results or generalizability of the findings
What is the purpose of the test phase?
To help participants understand the format, content and expectations of the experiment so these things are controlled for
What do hallucinogens do?
Hallucinogens block neural circuits that use serotonin, disrupting the prefrontal cortex
What is intersectionality?
Intersectionality is how identity categories (like race/ethnicity) play a role in systems of social stratification (ie social class)
What is the looking glass self?
When your idea of yourself is influenced by how you think other people see you, leads to internalization
How does fMRI measure changes in brain activity?
By tracking oxygenated blood flow in the parts of the brain
What do CT scans measure?
Xray so bones
What sleep stage do spindle fibers occur in?
2
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance, coordination, motor functions
What does the nucleus accumbens control?
Reward, pleasure, ADDICTION, pain
What does the amygdala do?
Processes emotions and identifies threats
What is place theory?
Place theory says that we can hear different pitches because sound waves trigger activity at different places on the cochlea’s basilar membrane
What do exchange and rational choice theory have in common?
They assume people are logical and make decisions based on what will bring them personal gain
What is a common evolutionary stressor?
Lack of resources, specifically food
When do infants start expressing stranger anxiety?
8 months
How does reliability differ from generalizability?
Reliability is about how consistent the studies or tools results are, generalizability is how applicable the results are to the broader population
What hormones are derived from tryptophan?
Serotonin and melatonin
What hormones are derived from tyrosine?
Catecholamines- epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
What is the difference between conformity and compliance?
Conformity is when you change your behavior to fit the group but compliance is when you agree when someone requests something from you
What is the function of the lingual gyrus?
Processing letters while reading
What is rationalization?
A defense mechanism where you create justifications for behavior
What is the Zeigarnik effect?
The observation that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones
What is rosy retrospection
Remembering the past as better than it really was
How do fungi reproduce?
Spores (sexually or asexually)
When does the centromere split in meiosis?
Anaphase II
What is the force driving fluids through the glomerulus?
Blood pressure
What does increasing blood pressure do to reabsorption in the kidneys?
Decreases reabsorption because fluid flow has increased
What factors determine blood pressure?
Cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) and resistance to blood flow
What happens to blood flow to muscles during exercise?
Blood flow increases via vasodilation
What do you need to have an independent variable?
Manipulation from the experimenter
Do people using the peripheral route of persuasion have the ability to form general or specific impressions?
They only have the ability to form general impressions
What personality disorders are similar?
BPD, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic, antisocial personality disorder
When do you use reinforcement vs punishment?
Reinforcement when you want to increase the frequency of a behavior, punishment when you want to decrease it
What’s another way to say antisocial personality disorder?
Sociopath (lack of emotion, impulsive)
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Memory disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
What is anticipatory socialization?
Anticipatory socialization is the process by which individuals prepare for future roles by learning the values and standards of a new group
What is syncope?
Fainting
What is paternalistic stereotype?
When you view a group as warm but not competent, pity
What are prostaglandins derived from?
Arachidonic acid (20 carbons and 1 5 carbon ring)
Where is the carbonyl stretching IR frequency?
1700-1750 cm-1
Where is the -OH stretching IR frequency?
3200-3500 cm-1
Where is the conjugated C=C stretching IR frequency?
1500-1600 cm-1
What are the glucorticoids?
cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
What do stress hormones do to glucose?
Raise blood sugar levels by triggering the liver to release glucose
Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Bacteria are prokaryotes
What is the composition of good primers in PCR?
High GC content and CG bases in 3’ and 5’
What phase does nondisjunction occur in?
Anaphase 1
What form of DNA can be transcribed
Euchromatin
What model describes the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop?
Baddeley’s working memory model
What do you need for a true comparison
Random assignment to experimental groups (not always possible)
What did Galton believe about intelligence?
That it had a biological and hereditary basis
What did Binet say about mental age?
A child’s mental age is defined by the hardest tasks they can do
What is Spearmen’s idea of general intelligence?
general intelligence, or the “g factor”, is a general mental ability that underlies multiple specific skills, or “s factors”
What is the me in Mead’s theory of identity
The me is the part of the self formed in interaction with others
What is Freud’s sublimation?
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits
What is Freud’s reaction formation?
a defense mechanism in which people express the opposite of their true feelings
What is iconic memory
Type of sensory memory that stores visual information for a second
What are neuroleptics?
Antipsychotics that block dopamine receptors
What are atypical antipsychotics
Second generation antipsychotics that have fewer side effects bc they are serotonin/dopamine agonists
How do positive ions affect DNA?
Positive ions stabilize DNA by shielding the repulsion between phosphate groups in the backbone
What do lacteals do?
Absorb digested fats in the small intestine
What does adipose tissue do?
Adipose tissue is connective tissue that stores fat for insulation and energy
What is transitional epithelium?
Tissue that can be stretched, makes up the bladder and urinary tract
What is pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium?
Makes up the epithelium of the respiratory tract and removes particulates
What makes a study correlational?
When the researcher doesn’t control or manipulate the independent variable?
What is the best test of retention of learning?
Recognition
What biological changes in neurons are associated with Alzheimer’s
buildup of neurofibrillary tau tangles inside neurons and amyloid plaques outside neurons
What are the two options for pairing a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus
Forward and delay conditioning
What brain area stores implicit memory? What forms and retrieves it?
Cerebellum, basal ganglia
What is the Hawthorne effect?
When people change their behavior because they know they are being observed
Where does energy come from in red blood cells?
Glycolysis because RBCs don’t have organelles
Where does the lymphatic system drain to
excess fluid is returned to the blood in the venous system
What forms does oxygen exist in in the blood?
Dissolved and bound to hemoglobin
How do you increase the amount of product at equilibrium?
Do anything that shifts the equilibrium right
What’s the differences between non-reducing and native SDS-Page
Non-reducing separates any subunits that are not linked by disulfide bonds, native doesn’t separate any subunits
How many NADH are needed to reduce a disulfide bonds?
1
What is eluded fastest in anion exchange when the liquid is pored through?
Something less negative/protein with less negative amino acids
What binds to the column in anion exchange?
Negatively charged things
What is the equation for catalytic efficiency?
kcat/Km
What is the equation for Kcat
kcat = Vmax/[E]
When does pyruvate kinase act?
In glycolysis converting PEP+ADP into pyruvate+ATP
Is PEP reduced?
No it is so high energy, it’s oxidized
Where is sound the fastest?
In solids!!
What is purification yield?
How much enzyme activity is retained in a purified sample (final units/total units)
What does a smaller y-intercept mean on a line weaver burk?
Higher Vmax so more active (higher kcat)
What is characteristic of an ordered mechanism?
In an ordered mechanism substrates bind to the enzyme in a specific order
What kind of bond are disulfide bonds?
Covalent
What shape on a graph does a cooperative process take?
Sigmodial
Stick to the question?
Stick to the question
How are standing waves produced?
when two waves of the same frequency and amplitude are moving in opposite directions and interfere with each other
What causes nodes?
When waves interfere destructively or theres a fixed/closed point
What about the wave stays the same when it travels through different mediums?
Its frequency
What is log10(2)?
0.3
What is pitch related to?
Frequency
Is sound frequency effected by sound speed?
No, frequency stays constant
How are antibodies recognized by the body producing them?
By their heavy chains
Why does myoglobin only have one binding site of O2?
Because it has no quaternary structure
What neurotransmitters are associated with depression?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
Where does the urea cycle occur and what does it use?
The urea cycle occurs in the liver and uses bicarbonate
What is angiogenesis?
The growth of new blood vessels, allows more blood flow to tumors
When does crystallization occur?
When a supersaturated solution is perturbed
What do lyases cleave?
C=C bonds
What is autophagy?
Autophagy is when cells break down and recycle their parts
How do negative strand RNA viruses synthesize proteins?
RNA dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA transcripts which are then translated
What does areolar tissue do?
Areolar tissue is loose connective tissue that binds epithelium to underlying structures
What is a polylinker site/multiple cloning site?
Site that can be cut to introduce genes to be cloned because contains many restriction enzyme sites
What produces trypsin?
Pancreatic exocrine cells
What binds to promoter sites?
RNA polymerase and transcription factors
Where is mucus found?
Mucus lines the lungs, sinuses, mouth, stomach, and intestines
What is mucus made?
Polysaccharides so it cannot be digested by the enzymes in the stomach
What is the central atom of heme?
Iron
What does hepatic relate to?
The liver
What’s the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
Primary active transport directly uses energy from ATP, secondary active transport uses energy stored in a electrochemical gradient created by primary transport
What are stored triglycerides broken down into and by what?
Stored triglycerides are broken down by lipase to produce glycerol and free fatty acids
When is CCK stimulated?
When fats and proteins are in the small intestine after a meal
What does insulin do to gluconeogenesis and lipolysis?
Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
What can cause stomach ulcers?
Bacteria or bile in the stomach
What does insulin do to fat in the body?
Insulin takes fat from the vascular system after digestion and facilitates its uptake into adipose tissue
What are parietal cells?
Epithelial cells in the stomach that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (for B12)
What is the difference between interstitial fluids and lymph?
Lymph is a part of the immune system and is made of white blood cells, interstitial fluid removes transports nutrients and removes waste from cells
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E, K
What moves blood in the veins?
Blood in the veins is moved by squeezing the skeletal muscles because veins do not have a muscular layer like arteries
What are lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes (destroy foreign cells) and B lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
Who studies self image?
Thomas Kuhn
What is another term for bystander effect?
Bystander apathy (apathy means lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern)
What does down regulation mean?
Downregulation is a decrease in a cell component in response to an external variable
What is behavioral retention?
How well the behavior is remembered
What are Howard Gardner’s 5 intelligences?
Linguistic, interpersonal, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, naturalistic
What is Lev Vygotsky’s theory of development?
Lev Vygotsky proposed that a child should internalize their culture’s values and attitudes so that they become a part of the child’s moral behavior
What is priming and what kind of memory is it?
Priming is when a previous experience influences your memory without you being consciously aware of it, it is long term implicit memory
What is iconic memory?
Type of sensory memory that stores visual information for a second
What are the stages of the general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance (long), exhaustion
What is the stress generation hypothesis?
The idea that individuals with certain vulnerabilities are more likely to exhibit behaviors and thinking that leads to stressful situations
What is processed in parallel?
Information on space, time and frequency of events is automatically processed in parallel
Where is language processed?
LEFT HEMISPHERE EEE
What is social learning theory?
Bandura, say’s people learn behaviors by watching others
What is the generalized other?
The idea that we can understand other’s expectations and perspectives
What is the bourgeoisie in conflict theory?
The bourgeoisie are the owners of production, in conflict with the proletariat/working class
What is pluralism?
Pluralisms is diverse cultures beings separate and equal
What is conflict theory concerned with?
Conflict theory is concerned with power, class, macrosociology, humans as rationally motivated beings and competition for resources between classes
What’s the difference between institutions and organizations?
Organizations have a shared goal and tend to be within institutions
What does conflating mean in the context of an experiment
Conflating factors means using a variable to measure something that’s actually a different idea (ex ethical for healthy)
What is vicarious punishment and what theory is it in?
In observational learning people experience vivacious rewards or punishments causing them to alter their behavior as if they experienced it themselves
What’s the difference between a primary and secondary reinforcer?
A primary reinforcer is a biological incentive like food, drink, sex and secondary reinforcer is conditioned like money or grades
What kinds of neurons can regenerate?
Hippocampal neurons, olfactory neurons, hypothalamus neurons
Which statistical tests account for variability within groups?
Anova (f) and t tests
Symptoms of PTSD
long term nightmares, hyperarousal, flashbacks, emotional numbing, loss of interest
What is the differential association theory?
Criminal or anti norm techniques/attitudes/motives are learned through social interactions
What are positive sanctions?
Rewards given for conforming to norms
What is the removal of something positive called
Negative punishment
What’s the difference between social stratification and social mobility?
In social stratification people are separated into groups in mobility a person can shift from one class level to another
What is the difference between a between-subject study and within-subject study
In between-subject studies participants are randomly assigned to one condition, in within-subject all participants do all the conditions
What techniques help to transfer information into long term memory?
Elaborative rehearsal, maintenance rehearsal, chunking
What is role exit?
When an individual stops engaging in a role previously central to their identity and begins the process of establishing a new identity.
What does constructionist theory emphasize?
That knowledge is socially constructed and that humans actively and continuously create knowledge through their interactions
What is the spontaneous/active/unsocialized self in Meade’s theory
The I
Can longitudinal studies be causational?
No unless its experimental instead of observational
What is characteristic of schizoid personality disorder?
lifelong pattern of disinterest in social relationships and emotional coldness
What are the stages of culture shock?
honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, acceptance
What is fluid intelligence?
the ability to think logically and solve problems without relying on previously acquired knowledge
What does ogliospermia mean?
Low sperm count
What does a bradford essay measure?
concentration of protein in a solution
What do antibody levels do after a vaccination?
Increase and then decrease over time
What is a structure of a phospholipid and what do they do in the body?
Two fatty acids ester linked to a glycerol plus a charged head group, make up cell membranes
What is the structure of a neutral fat and what do they do in the body?
Three fatty acids ester linked to a glycerol, store lipids
What is the structure of a sphingomyelin and what do they do in the body?
Two fatty acids ester linked to a sphingosine plus a charged head group, insulate myelin sheaths
What is the structure of a ceramide and what do they do in the body?
Three fatty acids ester linked to a sphingosine, cell signaling
What kind of lens has a negative focal point?
Diverging lens
What kind of image has a negative di
Virtual image
When does a diverging lens produce a reduced image
When the object is outside the focal length
What are transposon?
Transposon are segments of chromosomes that can change their position
Where does blood with absorbed nutrients from the small intestine go?
To the liver to be detoxified
What are kinetochores?
Proteins that are on centromeres of chromosomes and can attach icrotubules
What does the diathesis stress model explain?
mental disorders as a result of an interaction between a pre-existing vulnerability (“diathesis”) and environmental stressors (“stress”)
When can a converging lens focus an object closest to it?
When the image is at the focal length (farthest image when the image is farthest from the focal length)
What does the prefix M refer to?
Mega 10^6
What is the relationship between Ka and Kd?
Ka = 1/Kd
What color light to red substance absorb?
Green light
What is the rise per turn in a alpha helix
3.6 amino acid residues per turn
What is the hydrogen bonding pattern for a pi turn?
i H bonded to i+5
What is the unit of columbs in terms of other variables?
Amps/sec
What is the increase in the length opening of a slit with temperature? The width?
∆L = La∆T, ∆D = Da∆T
When do electrons start jumping into empty d orbitals?
In 4s when a 3d becomes available
What makes up the testes?
Seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells/sperm production) and interstitium (leydig cells/testosterone production)
How do ova get into the fallopian tube?
The ovaries release them into the abdomen and finger projections on the tubes grab them
What inhibits FSH and LH?
Progesterone and estrogen in combination
What do antibody levels do after a vaccination?
Increase and then decrease over time
What does thyroxine do?
T4 controls metabolic rate (how much energy the cell uses)
How can a sequence be palindromic (for restriction enzymes)?
If the same sequence from 5’ to 3’ is in the strand and the complementary strand (ex 5’ GAATTC)
What does plasmin do?
Plasmin degrades plasma proteins like those found in blood clots
What’s the simplest type of eukaryote?
Protozoan
What is a paralog gene?
a gene encoding similar proteins with unrelated functions in the same species
What are spindle fibers made of?
Microtubules
Where are clotting enzymes made?
The liver
What are platelets fragments of?
Megakaryocytes which are large bone marrow cells
Where are lipids synthesized?
Smooth ER (cytosolic face)
What non-cascade hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
Somatostatin, dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin
What are the steroid hormones?
Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
What does immunohistochemistry do?
Stains structures to show specific proteins in tissue
What is increasing magnitude order for microscopes
Light (largest items) > transmission electron > confocal
What is culture lag?
The tendency of material culture to evolve faster than symbolic culture
What are the three things to know about symbolic interactionism?
1) humans are social beings
2)humans take an active role in their situation
3) humans communicate their goals through common symbolic language
In what society stage does birth rate and mortality rate drop?
Stage 3
What is a positive check in Malthusian theory?
Positive checks are factors that control population growth by increasing mortality rates
What is the life course perspective?
Early life evenets and development affect later health outcomes, generational cohorts can share some early life experiences
What is the interaction effect?
A situation where the impact of a independent variable on the DV depends on another variable
What are distinct behaviors likely to be attributed to?
Situation
What is resource mobilization theory?
The use of resources and strategies for social movements to achieve their goals
What emotional disorders are associated with sleep disturbances?
Depression and anxiety
How can independent variables interact?
The effect of one independent variable can depend on the level of another independent variable
What is vitamin B6 a precursor to?
Pyridozal phosphate
What is another name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
What does a lower specific heat indicate?
It takes less energy to change the temperature, so is very susceptible to temperature changes
How do you find the resistance overall when the wire has a resistance and their is a resistor?
Add the two
Where does blood move the slowest
Capilaries (large cross sectional area but very narrow causing resistance)
Where should light be focused by the lens to get a clear image?
On the fovea
When can a lens produce no image?
in a converging lens when the object is at the focal point
How do you approximate sin of a specific angle?
How close is it to 90 degrees (1) or 0 (0)
What is the force of body weight?
F= mg
What is the difference between an imine and an enamine?
Imine is the ketone form (N=C), enamine is the enol form (C=C, NH)
What’s the difference between exogonic and exothermic?
Exogonic means (-)∆G, which does not always mean exothermic -∆H
What is the density of water?
1g/cm3 or 1kg/m3
What is log2? log3?
0.3, .47
Galactose is what epimer of glucse?
C4
What charge are acidic amino acids?
Negative
What’s acetic vs formic acid?
Acetic acid has a CH3 group, formic has a group, both one carbon carboxylic acids
What is NaBH4 used for?
To reduce functional groups like ketones, imines, aldehydes
What is the ending of the name with a triple bond?
-yne
What reflex arc controls blood pressure?
Baroreceptor reflect arc
What is the light we see as the color of an object?
The reflected wavelength, which is opposite to the absorbed wavelength
When does nondisjunction occur?
Meiosis anaphase I or II
Are polar bodies haploid or diploid?
Haploid
What gas is most soluble in blood?
CO2
What are the two equations for the bicarbonate buffer reaction?
CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> H+ +HCO3- (bicarb)
What does a Hill coefficient of 1 mean?
Binding of ligands occurs independently
What does a sigmodial curve indicate?
Cooperative binding
What does albumin do?
Albumin maintains fluid balance between tissues and plasma
What is the UV light range?
100-400nm
What does inclusive fitness favor?
Genes of those who reproduce a lot or help keep relatives alive
What is anarchy?
a state where individuals disregard and violate the laws of society
How does attenuation alter intensity?
If something is unconsciously attenuated it might be perceived but at a much lower intensity
When do controlled processes become automatic?
When the thing has been practice enough
What does activity theory suggest about the lives of elderly people?
That they desire to remain involved in as many activities but the nature of those activities changes
What is a culturally specific timetable for life called?
Social clock
What is the main difference between a state religion and a theocracy?
In a theocracy the God is thought to be the main ruler whereas the state just promotes the religion in a state religion
What is the sensitivity of the test?
The tests ability to identify true positives, calculated by the true positives / (true positives + false negatives)
What is the specificity of the test?
The tests ability to identify true negatives, calculated by true negatives / (true negatives + false negatives)
What drug causes the suppression of cerebellar activity?
Alcohol
In what stage is there muscle atonia?
In REM when there isn’t muscle movement other than eye movement
What does Brofenbreener’s model describe?
The different environmental systems that impact an individual
What are Horney’s ways to cope with anxiety?
Compliance, aggression, withdrawl
What is metacognition?
The ability to reflect on your own thoughts and emotions
Who controls land in a feudal society?
A small ruling class
Where are the two main cdk/cyclin checkpoints?
G1 and G2, need cyclin-cdk complex to be phosphorylated, can be blocked by p53, p21, Rb
What is the starting reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway?
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
What makes the circulatory system closed?
Blood being confined to a network of vessels and flowing unidirectionally
What is the deepest layer of skin (made of fats)?
The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
What do germ cells differentiate into?
Gametes
What is the purpose of cytokines?
Cytokines allow immune cells to communicate and coordinate inflammatory responses
Where do transcription factors bind?
TFs bind to enhancers and promoters
What are cis-regulatory elements?
Stretches of DNA that control genes on the same strand they’re on
What protective layer is often outside of the cell wall?
Glycocalyx network
What is the magnetic quantum number?
The orbital orientation/subtype (3rd)
When do MTOCs form?
MTOCs replicate in S phase
What is vital capacity
the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after inhaling as much as possible
What type of memory is a flashbulb memory?
Episodic
What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exaustion
What can someone with theory of mind do?
Contextualize the behavior of other people within that person’s mindset
What tests theory of mind?
The false belief task
What is Henry’s law?
Partial pressure of gas = Henry’s constant x gas concentration
What is the Michaelis-Menten equation?
V0=Vmax[S]/Km+[S]
What are the three faramagnetic materials?
Fe, Ni, and Co
What is the H NMR shift for a phenolic hydrogen?
9-10 ppm
What is the H NMR shift for a vinyl hydrogen?
6-7 ppm
What is the H NMR shift for an aldehyde H?
9-10 ppm
What is the neutral electron configuration for Cu? Chr?
4s1 3d10, 4s1 3d5
What is a zone of inhibition?
a circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow
What is the H NMR shift for an acetyl group?
3-4ppm
What is the definition of mechanical advantage for an object moving up an incline?
Ratio of mg to applied force to move the object up
What factors do thermometers measure temperature on?
Coefficient of thermal expansion and the capillary effect
What does mass spectrum measure?
Mass to charge ratio
What role do functional analogs play in protein labeling?
They can serve to react with whatever unreacted compound is left so you only get a measure of the reactive enzyme
What type of filaments give the cell and the nucleus structure?
Intermediate microfilaments
What nervous system controls erections? ejaculations?
Parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system
Where does filtrate get more concentrated?
Collecting duct
How is CO2 transported in the body?
Dissolved in the blood, as bicarbonate ion or with hemoglobin
What does vitamin D do in the kidney?
Increases calcium reabsorption
At what part of the circulatory system can water diffuse in?
Capillaries
What amino acid are thyroid hormones derived from?
Tyrosine
Are viruses diploid or haploid?
Haploid (only have one copy of genes)
Is blood pressure in the arms higher or lower when lying down?
Higher in the arms because blood from the bottom moves up
Who’s theory is the nativistic theory of language?
Chomsky
What type of memory does decay theory describe?
Short term and sensory memory where only a trace of the memory is left
What hormones does the hypothalamus produce but not release?
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary- oxytocin and vasopressin
Where is Wernickle’s area?
Left temporal lobe
Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone released from?
Anterior pituitary
What does labeling theory say about behavior?
Labeling theory says that people see themselves though the label and this can increase the labeled behavior
What are social constructs?
Mutually agreed upon understandings of tangible (money) and intangible (justice) phenomena in society
What is test-retest reliability?
The degree of correlation between tests administered to the same individuals at two time points
What is discrimination in learning?
The ability to tell apart different stimuli
How do you activate a carboxylic acid so it can be replaced by a weaker leaving group?
React with PCl3 or anhydride to get an activated acyl
What is the work done by static friction?
W = µNx
What is a first resonance frequency?
The largest frequency with the natural max oscillation amplitude, fundamental frequency
What are common non conservational forces
friction, air resistance, water drag, and any applied push or pull force
What shape does resonance frequency take on a chart?
Sine curve
What is the equation for frequency of oscillation of a spring?
1/2pi√K/M
What kind of acid is H2SO4?
Strong
What are strong reducing agents typically?
Hydrides
What do combustion reaction typically release?
Energy in the form of heat and light
Describe a Gringard reaction?
the addition of an organomagnesium halide (Grignard reagent) to a ketone or aldehyde, to form a tertiary or secondary alcohol
What is molar heat capacity?
Heat/change in temperature
Archimedes principle?
If buoyant force is greater than the weight of the object it will float
Where are hydrogen bonds formed in beta sheets?
between backbone carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid on one strand and the amide nitrogen of another amino acid on an adjacent strand
What is affinity chromatography?
A way to selectively separate a molecule by binding it to an immobilized agent (antibody, DNA, enzyme, etc)
What are some examples of non canonical base pairing?
Hoogesteen base pairs, wobble base paires. G-U base pairs
What is the relationship between force and velocity in Lorentz equation?
Lorentz force F=qvB is always perpendicular to velocity
What does HCl and heat signal?
An elimination reaction (H20 usually removed across a bond to make a double bond)
What is a furane? a pyranose?
Furanose = 6 membered ring with 1 O, pyranose = 5 membered ring with 1 O
What do Sn1/E1 reactions prefer protic solvents?
A protic solvent can stabilize the carbocation intermediate
What is the relationship between flow rate and radius as described by Pousielle’s law?
Flow rate is proportional to radius to the fourth
What are the two versions of the power equation in a circuit?
P=VI, P=V^2/R
What does electrophoresis mimic?
Electrophoresis acts like an electrolytic cell
What is 1/8?
0.125
Is the cathode or anode positive in an electrolytic cell? What does this mean?
The anode is positive in an electrolytic cell, meaning it has higher electric potential
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas compared to the exocrine functions?
The endocrine functions are the islets synthesis of insulin and glucagon while the exocrine functions are release of digestive enzymes
What is the hydrogen bonding pattern in a alpha helix?
i+4
Why are viruses considered obligate parisites?
Because they cannot reproduce without the host cell’s machinery
What are bacteriophage?
Bacteriophage are viruses that infects and destroys bacteria
How do bacteria mutate to avoid antibiotics?
They usually mutate to make an enzyme that prevents death by whatever the antibiotic is causing
What’s the difference between class I and II transposons?
Class 1 transposons copy and paste genetic info using reverse transcriptase, class 2 cut and paste using transposase enzyme
What type of regulation occurs to oxytocin during childbirth and breastfeeding?
Positive regulation- oxytocin stimulates the pituitary gland to release more oxytocin
What is the main hormone in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine is the main hormone in the parasympathetic nervous system
What are two questions to ask when considering a moderating variable?
Does the moderator change the strength of a relationship? does it explain under what conditions the relationship is stronger or weaker?
What direction is mRNA synthesized in?
5’ to 3’ (reversed direction from the template)
Do stop codons code for amino acids?
No, just signal to terminate translation
What kind of molecule cleaves a disulfide linkage?
A reductant (GSSG)
What’s the difference between in vivo and PCR primers?
In vivo RNA primers are used, in PCR DNA primers are used
What are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
How does homologus recombination repair DNA?
Homologous recombination repairs double stranded breaks by using an undamaged strand as a template for repair
What happens in opsonization?
Antibodies bind to and recognize antigens on a pathogen, triggering macrophages
What does bile help absorb from the small intestine?
Lipid soluble things
What’s a common way to increase the validity of an experiment
Control outside variables- randomization of groups
What does fever indicate?
Infection/activation of the immune system
What increases the rate of the TCA cycle?
ADP
What type of joint allows for a lot of movement?
Synovial joints allow movement (more than cartilage)
What happens if a neuron cannot repolarize after an action potential?
If the neuron stays depolarized it cannot send another action potential
What form is the iron of hemoglobin in?
Fe (II)
What is the path of fatty acids after the intestine?
Fatty acids are absorbed by intestinal lacteals and enter the lymphatic system
What kind of amino acids make up a nuclear export signal?
Hydrophobic residues
What are the two reasons you pick a drug?
It works on your target but does not disrupt the normal cells
Does reverse transcriptase make single or double stranded DNA?
Double stranded DNA
What produce platelets ?
Megakaryocytes
What part of the immune system are CD4+ T cells in?
Cell-mediated immunity
Where are sensory/afferent tracks in the spinal cord?
On the dorsal/back side
What direction does a ribosome read an mRNA in?
mRNA is read in the 5’ to 3’ direction by a ribosome
What do conditioned stimuli start as?
Neutral stimuli
What is a status that you obtain based on merit?
Achieved status
What is cultural globalization?
Expansion of cultural values and practices internationally
What is characteristic of peripheral messages?
Emotional appeals or interpersonal appeals
How do conformity and groupthink differ?
“conformity” refers to the act of changing one’s behavior to fit in with a group, while “groupthink” specifically describes a flawed decision-making process where a group prioritizes harmony and consensus over critical thinking
What are the two types of processing?
Automatic (simple and familiar tasks) and controlled (new and advanced tasks)
What is the main symptom of persistant depressive disorder?
Dysthymia
What are the two versions of opponent process theory?
Color detection and drug additction (pleasure and withdrawl)
What brain area is responsisble for sound localiation?
Superior olives
What brain area is responsible for startle reflex and vestibul-ocular reflex?
Inferior colliculus
What does non-declarative memory encompass?
Procedural memory, priming, conditioned responses
What is somnambulism and in which sleep stage does it occur?
Sleep walking, stage 3
What is a script?
Mental shortcuts based on past experiences that help people navigate a situation
What is conventional morality focused on?
Society and its ability to function
What kind of movement does the basal ganglia control?
Smooth movement coordination
What is a limen?
A threshold below which a stimulus is not percieved
What brain system controls balance?
Vestibular system
What is the effect of cortisol on memory?
Excess cortisol can impair encoding and recalling memories from the hippocampus and diverts hippocampal energy to the muscles
What is a key characteristic of sects of religions?
Religious sects are usually not integrated into society
What kind of study looks at subjective elements of people’s experiences?
A phenomenological study collects narratives and looks at individual perspectives of an experience
What is gender identity defined as?
Gender identity is the personal expereince of one’s gender
Self concept
?
Self concept refers to the beliefs one holds about oneself
What is a variable that only has two categories called?
Dichotomous variables only have two categories
How often are rewards given in a continuous reinforcement schedule?
A continuous reinforcement schedule gives one reward per response (not fixed or variable ratio or interval)
What brain area is responsible for emotion?
Amygdala in the limbic system
What is a variable that can change the way results are interpreted?
Confounding variable can change the way the results are interpreted
What is self-monitoring?
Self monitoring is trying to understand how people perceive your actions
Do stereotypes deal with expecations or realities of behaviors
Stereotypes deal with expectations
In what demographic stage are birth and death rates low
Post industrial
What does instictive drift typically get in the way of?
Instinctive drift usually affects operant conditioning
How does conflict theory relate to racial theories?
They both focus on social inequalities and institutions
What are stimuli that control operant responses called?
Descriptive stimuli because they signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment
What ear structure detects rotational motion?
The ampullae
When are primary oocytes produced?
Between fertilization and birth
What can X ray crystallography be used for?
X ray crystallography can be used to visualize protein structure and interactions
What can UV spectroscopy be used for in a protein experiment?
UV spec can be used to estimate protein concentration
What can mass spectrometry be used for in a protein experiment?
Mass spec can be used to determine the protein’s primary structure
What can circular dichroism be used for in a protein experiment?
Circular dichroism can be used to study secondary structure composition
When are primary oocytes produced/
Between fertilization and birth
