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Lessons Learned Flashcards

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1
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets are cell fragments and do not have nuclei

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2
Q

What effect does a leak in the distillation apparatus have on boiling point?

A

Leaks in a distillation apparatus increase surface tension, increasing boiling point

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3
Q

How do you calculate half life?

A

T1/2 = 0.6931/k

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4
Q

How do you find the change in frequency from two wavelengths?

A

Convert the wavelengths to frequency and use c = (frequency)(wavelength)

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5
Q

What is the path of sperm?

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube

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6
Q

What is a regulatory function of skin?

A

Skin can regulate body temperature; when skin stand up it traps air in a layer, providing insulation

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7
Q

What does normal spermatogenesis produce?

A

4 haploid sperm cells

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8
Q

How do people with self-serving biases respond to situational variables?

A

Individuals experiencing self-serving bias attribute their own negative behaviors to situational variables

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9
Q

What are the components of the knee-jerk response?

A

sensory neuron, motor neuron

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10
Q

What is drive in the psychodynamic theory?

A

Drive is a negative state of tension created when needs are not met

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11
Q

How does group polarization affect focus groups?

A

Group polarization affects attitude towards a topic as when people discuss together their views tend to get more polarized

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the 4 stages of sleep?

A

NREM1 has low brain activity and blood pressure, NREM2 has decreased muscle activity and no consciousness of the external environment, NREM3 is deep sleep with regular breathing and slow brain waves, REM is the deepest stage with partial paralysis and vivid dreams

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12
Q

What is anomie?

A

Anomie describes the alienation that individuals feel when social norms and social bonds are weak

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13
Q

How does the ideal gas law change at high pressures?

A

At higher than atmospheric pressure the volume of gas particles in not negligible

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14
Q

Why can light travel long distances without dimming?

A

Internal reflection allows light to be carried long distances with little amplitude loss, it can propagate forever if nothing absorbs it

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15
Q

What happens when a basic salt is in an aqueous solution?

A

The anion of a basic salt reacts with water to produce hydroxyl ions

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16
Q

How do you calculate moles given the mass of a compound?

A

To find the number of moles in a reaction: grams/molar mass

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17
Q

Why do transition metals change colors?

A

When electrons in lower energy d orbitals absorb visible light they move to the higher energy d orbitals, causing energy absorption that turns solutions a certain color

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18
Q

How does hydrogen bonding effect stereoisomers?

A

Hydrogen bonding can make stereoisomers have different stability

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19
Q

What is an equation for buoyancy?

A

F_b = ρ * V * g

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20
Q

How is density related to depth and pressure?

A

The pressure in a liquid due to the gravitational force of the liquid above a given depth is proportional to the density and the depth

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21
Q

How is pressure related to velocity in a fluid carrying pipe?

A

The pressure of a liquid in a pipe is greatest where the fluid velocity is lowest

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22
Q

How does Ohms law relate current and resistance of parallel resistors?

A

Currents in parallel resistors are inversely proportional to their individual resistances because they have the same voltage drop across them

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23
Q

How can you find blood pressure in different parts of the body?

A

Blood pressure in the body can be determined by rgh and is independent of blood flow or viscosity

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24
Q

How does pKa magnitude relate to acidity?

A

A smaller magnitude pKa is more acidic but when pKas are negative a greater pKa is more acidic

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25
Q

What is the distance from crest to trough?

A

The distance from crest to trough is half the wavelength

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26
Q

When the angle is less than 45 degrees what is the relationship between x and y

A

When theta is less than 45 degrees, x is greater than y

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27
Q

How do mass affect range?

A

When air resistance is negligible, mass does not affect range

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28
Q

How does height affect range?

A

Dropping an object from a higher height increases the airtime and thus the range, range increase by sqt of height

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29
Q

Where is the electron density in a sigma bond?

A

In sigma bonds most of the electron density is between the nuclei

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30
Q

Are single or double, substituted or unsubstituted bonds stronger?

A

Double bonds are stronger than single bonds, substituted bonds are stronger than unsubstitued ones

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31
Q

How does decreasing the number of hydrogen bonds in a solution effect the absorbance peak for the O-H bond?

A

Decreasing the number of hydrogen bonds sharpens the O-H absorbance peak and shift the value to a higher wave number

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32
Q

When is a molecule square planar?

A

Square planar shape occurs when the central atom has two lone pairs and four bonds

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33
Q

How does lone pair-ligand repulsion change the shape of a molecule?

A

Lone pair-ligand repulsion increases the angle between a lone pair and a bond with the central atom

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34
Q

Why can’t halides be reduced?

A

Because a halide has a -1 oxidation state it cannot be further reduced

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35
Q

How do you find the number of valence electrons on a central atom?

A

When finding the number of valence electrons for a central atom bonded electrons count as 2 and lone pairs count as 2

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36
Q

Why are rigid surfaces used in photoelectric experiments?

A

Rigid surfaces have more surface area so they can absorb more photons

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37
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

Terminal velocity is the velocity of an object when its acceleration goes to zero

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38
Q

How does increasing initial velocity affect terminal velocity?

A

A greater initial velocity causes an object to reach terminal velocity faster but the terminal velocity is the same

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39
Q

What properties of an object does terminal velocity depend on?

A

Terminal velocity depends on an objects shape, mass, and area

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40
Q

How is mass and area affected when water changes form?

A

When water turns into another form the mass stays the same but the area may change

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41
Q

How can you deal with two torques on the same side of the fulcrum?

A

Torque on the same side of the fulcrum can be added to determine the total torque on that side

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42
Q

How are translational and rotational motion affected when the fulcrum is moved away from the center of mass?

A

When the fulcrum is no longer at the center of mass forces on the rod cause it to accelerate and have translational and rotational motion

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42
Q

Do the fulcrum exert a force or torque on a rod?

A

A fulcrum exerts a normal force on the rod but no torque because there is no lever arm

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43
Q

Can an object be in motion if its net torque and force are zero?

A

If the net force and net torque on an object are both zero the object may still be in motion

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44
Q

What kind of reaction produces a racemic mixture?

A

If the specific rotation is zero the mixture is racemic so it was produced from an Sn1 reaction

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45
Q

For what type of reaction is the rate determined by the nucleophile?

A

Sn2 reaction rates are determined by the nucleophile

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46
Q

What is the priority order of single, double, and triple bonds

A

Double bonds are higher priority than single bonds, triple bonds are higher priority than double bonds

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47
Q

Can distillation be used to separate enantiomers?

A

Enantiomers have the same boiling point so cannot be separated by distillation

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48
Q

Can chiral catalysts change the chirality of products?

A

Chiral catalysts can change the chirality of the product because the transition state is affected

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49
Q

When do ionization energy exceptions occur?

A

Ionization energy exceptions occur when there is a half-filled stability of the energy level and when there is an s2-shell

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50
Q

What sub-shell numbers correspond to l=1?

A

Electrons in the l=1 sub-level can only have -1, 0, or 1 sub-shell numbers

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51
Q

What are paramagnetic species?

A

Paramagnetic species have an unpaired electron, compounds including transition metal compounds can be paramagnetic

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52
Q

How do you find the number of d orbital electron in a transition metal in a compound?

A

To find the number of d orbital electrons determine the oxidation state of the transition metal and then use that to adjust from the number of electrons in ground state

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53
Q

Which electrons are removed first when transition metals are ionized?

A

Electrons are taken from the s orbital and then the d orbital

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54
Q

What is the equation for the work done by a gas?

A

For a gas, W = -P∆V

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55
Q

What is the relationship between work, heat, and energy in a refrigerator?

A

In a refrigerator work is added to the system and heat is removed (opposite of heat pump), Energy is conserved

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56
Q

What is the relationship between work, heat, and energy?

A

∆E - q + w, so when energy is conserved q and w are opposite signed

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57
Q

What happens when gas is compressed?

A

When gas is compressed heat is released

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58
Q

How many ATPs are produced in one round of glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose

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59
Q

Where do leukocytes travel to?

A

Leukocytes move towards inflammation

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60
Q

How does glucose travel around the body?

A

The beating heart circulates blood that distributes glucose to tissues

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61
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg law say?

A

The frequency of carriers is given by 2pq

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62
Q

How do extrachromosomal genes get passed on?

A

Extrachromosomal genes that are passed on must-self replicate

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63
Q

What happens during meiosis of vertebrate oocytes?

A

When a vertebrate oocyte divides in meiosis most of the cytoplasm goes to the daughter cell destined to be the ovum and the other daughter cells, the polar bodies, are cast off with little cytoplasm

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64
Q

Does anaerobic respiration require energy input?

A

ATP must be consumed to kickstart anaerobic respiration

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65
Q

What are the organic components of human bone?

A

The human bone would be expected to contain calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups

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66
Q

Why can glutamine hydrogen bond with glutamate?

A

Glutamine’s NH2 group of the side chain can act as a hydrogen bond donor

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67
Q

How do uncompetitive inhibitors effect kinetic values like Km, Kcat, Vmax?

A

Uncompetitive inhibitors effect Km and Kcat but not Km/Vmax because they bind only to enzyme substrate complexes

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68
Q

What is specific activity?

A

Specific activity is a measure of the amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein; this provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture

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69
Q

What is the last to elute in size-exclusion chromatography?

A

In size-exclusion chromatography smallest molecules are the last to elute

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70
Q

What needs to be present to form disulfide bonds?

A

Disulfide bonds between two protein subunits require a reducing agent

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71
Q

What do good nucleophiles need?

A

Atoms with available lone pairs make good nucleophiles

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72
Q

When does glucose bind and release its symporter?

A

Glucose binds to the symporter in high extracellular Na+ concentrations and releases in low intracellular Na+ concentrations

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73
Q

What is the relationship between concentration gradient and movement of ions via simple diffusion?

A

As the concentration gradient increases the movement of ions through simple diffusion increases

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74
Q

What affect does the AcH receptor have on ion concentration in the cell?

A

AcH receptor directly allows more Na+ to enter the cell than K+ to leave the cell

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75
Q

When does the threshold potential occur in term of ion movement?

A

The threshold potential for an aciton potential is the point where the influx of Na+ exactly matches the efflux of K

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76
Q

What is the status of ion channels at the peak of an action potential?

A

When the action potential peaks, slow Na+ channels have closed but fast channels are still open, K+ channels are open

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77
Q

What enzyme removes a carboxylic acid?

A

A decarboxylase removes a carboxylic acid

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78
Q

What affect does sympathetic nerve stimulation have on pupil size?

A

Sympathetic nerve stimulation increases pupil size (dilates pupils)

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79
Q

What lenses are used to fix lens and cornea issues

A

Lens and cornea issues should be fixed with compatible non-uniform lenses that allow the image to focus on the retina

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80
Q

How do competitive inhibitors affect the maximum and half-maximum binding substrate concentrations?

A

Competitive inhibitors don’t change the maximum binding concentration because receptors are not changed but the half-maximum binding becomes higher because the receptor has less affinity for the substrate

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81
Q

What happens when a pathway stimulates both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

A

When a pathway stimulates both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system one may be dominant causing stress

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82
Q

How do the lengths of fibers compare in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic fibers are short while postganglionic fibers are long

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83
Q

Why do blood capillaries have lower velocity?

A

Capillaries have larger cross-sectional areas so lower average velocities because blood flow is velocity x cross sectional area

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84
Q

How do veinus pressure and arterial pressure change over the heart cycle?

A

Arterial pressure but not veinus pressure changes significantly over the heart cycle

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85
Q

What component of the circulatory system has a low percentage of blood?

A

Arterioles have the least blood volume in the circulatory system, veins have a much higher percentage of the blood than arteries

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86
Q

What happens to arterial and venous pressure and blood flow if the heart stops?

A

If the heart stops cardiac output is reduced to zero and the pressures in the venous and arterial systems equilibrate

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87
Q

What hormones affect blood volume directly?

A

Vasopressin and aldosterone directly increase blood volume

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88
Q

How are single unit fibers coupled in the smooth muscle?

A

In the smooth muscle single unit fibers are coupled through gap junctions

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89
Q

The channels of which ions are responsible for the speed of action potentials in smooth muscles?

A

Calcium is responsible for the conduction velocity of an action potential in smooth muscles

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90
Q

How does duodenum activity effect the gallbladder?

A

The duodenum secretes CCK and CCK stimulates gallbladder contraction

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91
Q

What do anti-acids do?

A

Anti-acids delay the appearance of acid in the stomach by neutralizing the increase in gastrointestinal acid caused by eating

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92
Q

What are trypsins?

A

Trypsins are secreted by the pancreas and activate digestive enzymes in the small intestine

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93
Q

What component of the intestine is responsible for fat droplet absorption?

A

Intestinal cell microvilli are responsible for the absorption of fat droplets

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94
Q

What is bile salt secretion needed for?

A

Bile sale secretion is needed for cholesterol absorption in the small intestine

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95
Q

What and where does lipoprotein lipase do?

A

Lipoprotein lipase cleaves the fatty acids from a molecule before it reaches the liver, cholesterol remains

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96
Q

What happens when the solute concentration increases in the glomerulus?

A

Filtration rate decreases in the glomerulus if the solute concentration gets too high

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97
Q

How is sodium transported back across the membrane during reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by symporters with glucose and amino acids

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98
Q

What is the relationship between afferent/efferent and artery/vein direction of movement?

A

Arteries align with afferent, veins align with efferent

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99
Q

What happens to resting potential if the bodily concentration of K+ is decreased?

A

If there is less K+ in a cell, the resting membrane potential will be more negative because there will be even less positive ions in the cell

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100
Q

What happens to enzymes if there is a hole in dialysis tubing

A

The enzyme will exit the tubing if there is a hole

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101
Q

What does the hormone erythropoietin do and what organ produces it?

A

Erythropoietin signals the bone marrow to make more red blood cells and is produced by the kidney

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102
Q

What is edema and what organ failure does it indicate?

A

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces leading to tissue swelling and indicates tissue failure

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103
Q

How are concentrations altered by dialysis tubing?

A

Small ions and water can move through dialysis tubing, concentration of larger molecules depends on the water movement

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104
Q

How does protein in the plasma affect osmotic force in Bowman’s capsule?

A

Protein in the plasma can’t be filtered to it creates an osmotic force that pulls fluid away from Bowman’s capsule

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105
Q

How does the body react to a decreased level of something?

A

The body acts to reverse a deficiency causing increased levels of what was decreased and its product

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106
Q

How do steroid hormones relay signals?

A

Steroid hormones like testosterone pass through the plasma membranes of cells, directly affecting DNA transcription

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107
Q

How does the humanistic perspective explain behavior?

A

In the humanistic perspective behavior is explained through self-concept and incongruence

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108
Q

What is locus of control?

A

Locus of control is belief about whether life events are due to own actions (internal) or due to outside forces beyond your control (external)

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109
Q

What is habituation?

A

Habituation is loss of response to a repeating stimuli

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110
Q

How do experiences shape people with functioning implicit memories?

A

Having implicit memory capabilities allows an individual to develop and and change responses based on experiences

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111
Q

What is validity in a sociology experiment?

A

Validity refers to the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied

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112
Q

What is the relationship between education level and risk for health issues?

A

Greater educational attainment is often associated with less risk factors for health issues

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113
Q

Why does plating metals on carbon increase reactivity?

A

Plating a metal onto the surface of carbon maximizes surface area making reactivity most efficient

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114
Q

What gases can form after the cation is completely reduced in an electrolytic cell?

A

Once the cation is completely reduced, hydrogen and oxygen gas may form from electrolysis of water

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115
Q

How is electricity conducted in carbon complexes?

A

Deconjugated pi bonds in carbon complexes can conduct electricity

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116
Q

How does the sign and magnitidue of E_cell correspond to energy input needed?

A

A more negative E_cell requires more voltage input for electrolysis

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117
Q

What relationship between cathode and anode cation concentration yields higher a higher voltage?

A

Cells with higher ratios of cathode cation to anode cation have higher voltages (E_observed > E_cell)

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118
Q

How can the life of a Galvanic cell be increased?

A

Increasing cation concentration can increase the life of a Galvanic cell

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119
Q

When does E_observed = E_cell in a Galvanic cell?

A

When the anode and cathode cation concentrations are equal the E_observed = E_cell

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120
Q

How does the IR absorbance of an alkene double bond compare to that of a carbonyl?

A

Alkene IR absorbances are slightly lower than carbonyls because the carbonyl bond is slightly shorter/stronger

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121
Q

Can the hydrogen of an aldehyde can be split by hydrogens on the carbon on the other side of the carbonyl in hNMR?

A

The hydrogen of an aldehyde can be split by hydrogens on the carbon on the other side of the carbonyl

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122
Q

When is the secondary oocyte arrested?

A

The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase

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123
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins in reproduction?

A

Prostaglandins are known to regulate the female reproductive system, and are involved in the control of ovulation, the menstrual cycle and the induction of labour

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124
Q

What happens to progesterone levels when labor begins?

A

Progesterone is blocked when contractions are induced

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125
Q

What hormones maintain the corpus lutetium during menstruation and pregnancy?

A

LH maintains the corpus lutetium during luteal phase of menstruation and hCG secreted by the placenta maintains it during pregnancy

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126
Q

What organs produce estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?

A

The placenta takes over estrogen and progesterone production from the ovaries after the first 6 weeks of pregnancy

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127
Q

What hormone and organ control the production of steroids during pregnancy?

A

The production of steroids during the early part of gestation is dependent on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) derived from the placenta

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128
Q

What ducts develop into the uterus and ejaculatory genitals?

A

Mullerian ducts develop into the uterus and Wolffian ducts develop into male genitals

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129
Q

When in gestation do sex based differences emerge?

A

Around week 6 of gestation the embryonic gonads become distinguishable by sex

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130
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and radius of a tube?

A

Resistance of a tube is inversely proportional to the radius to the the fourth power

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131
Q

How does estrogen cause relaxation?

A

Estrogen directly acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause relaxation

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132
Q

How does estrogen prevent coronary artery diseases?

A

Estrogen acts as a vasodilator and blocks vasoconstrictors

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133
Q

What hormone directly triggers ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone directly triggers ovulation

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134
Q

What organs produce and secrete oxytocin?

A

The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and sends it to the posterior pituitary where it is secreted

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135
Q

How can hormones be released without communicating with the bloodstream?

A

Hormones can be secreted from one cell to another without moving through the bloodstream

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136
Q

What do agonists do?

A

Agonists activate receptors and illicit a physiological response

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137
Q

Are spermatogonia haploid or diploid?

A

Spermatogonia are diploid cells

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138
Q

How are forces and centripetal force related in an oscillating pendulum?

A

In an oscillating pendulum, the sum of forces acting on the pendulum (tension minus gravity) is equal to the centripetal force

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139
Q

Are energy and momentum conserved in an oscillating pendulum?

A

Momentum and energy are not conserved because the external force of gravity is acting on the system and kinetic energy is constantly changing

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140
Q

What kind of neurotransmitters are most responsible for the perception of pain?

A

The neurotransmitters largely responsible for the perception of pain are endorphins (polypeptides produced in the brain)

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141
Q

Where is the concentration of a substance highest if it can move freely about the body?

A

If there are no significant barriers to a substances passage through the body its concentration will equilibrate around the body

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142
Q

What do phosphodiesterases do?

A

Phosphodiesterases break down ATP and cAMP

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143
Q

Does the brain have nociceptors?

A

The brain does not have nociceptors, making it insensitive to pain

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144
Q

What is a quasi-experimental design?

A

A quasi-experimental design systematically compares differences between groups that to which participants have not been randomly assigned

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145
Q

When is nonspecific immunity developed?

A

Nonspecific immunity develops from birth, prior to birth the placenta transfers antibodies

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146
Q

What kinds of bonds can be dissolved in high salt or high pH concentrations?

A

Weak bonds (hydrogen, van der waals, hydrophobic) can be dissolved in high salt and high pH concentrations, strong bonds (covalent) cannot

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147
Q

How does an antigen bind an antibody?

A

An epitope on the antigen binds a paratope on the antibody

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148
Q

What is a monovalent antigen?

A

A monovalent anitgen has affinity for only one epitope

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149
Q

How do cascades amplify products?

A

In biological cascades an enzyme acts on many molecules of the next step, amplifying the products

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150
Q

How is bone marrow involved in antibody production?

A

The bone marrow is the site of B-cell birth and maturation, B-cells are responsible for the production of antibodies

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151
Q

Where and by what is heme degraded?

A

Heme is degraded by bilirubin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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152
Q

Where do polypeptide hormones act?

A

Polypeptide hormones act on receptors on the plasma membrane of a cell

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153
Q

How to insulin and EGF receptors convey messages within the cell?

A

EGF and insulin receptors use similar signal transduction mechanisms in that they both activate kinase cascades

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154
Q

What is the general pathway from secondary messengers to cellular response?

A

Secondary messengers often activate kinases/phosphatases which activate proteins which cause a cellular response

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155
Q

What is missing in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

A

In type 1 diabetes individuals do not have beta cells in the pancreas so they do not release insulin

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156
Q

What energetic cycle does insulin promote?

A

Insulin promotes glycolysis and the use of glucose as a source of fuel

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157
Q

What measures the kinetic energy of a gas?

A

Temperature is a measure of a gas’s kinetic energy, at the same temperature all gases have the same kinetic energy

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158
Q

What types of molecules deviate the most from the ideal gas law?

A

Molecules withe more intermolecular forces/more polar molecules and larger molecules deviate most from the ideal gas law

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159
Q

What equation relates pressure and force?

A

Pascal’s Principle: P=F/A

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160
Q

What happens in a container when pressure is unequal?

A

When pressure is unequal liquid will flow to the side of less pressure until equilibrium is reached

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161
Q

How does pressure change if density increases but force and area stay the same?

A

If force and area remain constant, pressure remains constant

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162
Q

What is the relationship between area and velocity in a tube? How does decreasing area affect pressure?

A

If the cross sectional area is smaller, fluid velocity will be larger (Av=k), this will make the pressure smaller (Bernoulli’s equation)

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163
Q

What kind of gas is best to propel through a has chromatography apparatus?

A

The best gas to propel through the gas chromatography apparatus is inert

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164
Q

Why does less of the more volatile liquid get removed as fractional distillation goes on?

A

As the distillation column heats up, there is less condensation so less of the more volatile liquid is removed

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165
Q

What state are most common amino acids in at physiological pH?

A

At physiological pH most of the common amino acids are in their zwitterionic form (amino group protonated and carboxyl group deprotonated)

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166
Q

What is the difference between hydration and hydroxylation?

A

Hydration is a complexation of water with another compound, hydroxylation adds a hydroxyl group to an organic compound

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167
Q

Why is a wide range of pKa values found within a protein?

A

Different R groups on amino acids have different pKas

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168
Q

How many molecules of water do you need to form an amide bond?

A

Formation of an amide bond for a polypeptide chain requires 1 molecule of water

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169
Q

What phase is S phase in?

A

S phase is a part of interphase

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170
Q

What types of cells don’t replicate?

A

Nerve cells and skeletal muscle cells do not replicate but remain in G1

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171
Q

What can autoradiography show?

A

Autoradiography can locate radioactively labeled molecules from radioactive decay of an isotope

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172
Q

Where is bacterial DNA located in the cell?

A

Bacterial DNA is in the cytoplasm, bacteria do not have nuclei!

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173
Q

Do rods or cones facilitate photopic or scotopic vision?

A

Cones facilitate photopic vision and rods facilitate scotopic vision

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174
Q

What is the relationship between interaural time difference and the distance the input travels to a coincidence detector?

A

The larger the ITF the farther that auditory input travels to reach a coincidence detector

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175
Q

What kind of information does the lateral geniculate nucleus process?

A

The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus processes visual information from the contralateral field

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176
Q

Is competitive inhibition reversible or irreversible?

A

Competitive inhibition is reversible

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177
Q

What happens to a cell when no NET ATP is produced?

A

If ATP is not made, the cell stops growing

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178
Q

What does an uncoupling agent do?

A

An uncoupling agent prevents the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

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179
Q

What happens in familial hypercholesterolemia

A

In FH LDL receptors don’t work so the cell increases LDL production and there is more LDL in the blood

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180
Q

How do ingested molecules end up in the bloodstream?

A

When molecules are digested they move into the bloodstream

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181
Q

What tissue stores the most glycogen?

A

Muscle has the most glycogen

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182
Q

What process converts pyruvate and alanine into glycogen?

A

Alanine and pyruvate become glycogen through gluconeogenesis

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183
Q

What is a transamination reaction?

A

Transamination is a reversible chemical reaction that transfers an amino group from an amino acid to an α-keto acid

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184
Q

What does a lower pKa say in terms of charge?

A

A lower pKa means the proton will be lost at a lower pH, and the molecule will be more negative

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185
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A monohybrid cross involves individuals that differ only with respect to the alleles at a single locus

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186
Q

What is the frequency of a homozygous dominant individual?

A

The prevalence of a homozygous dominant individual is p^2

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187
Q

Which bases are one member rings and which are two?

A

Purine rings (A,C) are two member, pyrimidine rings (G,T, U) are one member

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188
Q

Are bacterial DNA in the same packaging as eukaryotic DNA?

A

No, bacterial genomes are not packaged with histone proteins

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189
Q

What amino acid does AUG code for in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

AUG is the start codon and encodes for methionine in eukaryotes and N-formylmethionine in prokaryotes

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190
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

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191
Q

Does the sense strand or the antisense strand give rise to functional RNA? Which one is identical to the functional RNA?

A

The antisense strand gives rise to functional RNA, which is nearly identical to the sense strand, the sense strand is not transcribed but contains the genetic code

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192
Q

Are base-paired strands oriented in the same or opposite directions?

A

Oposite- a 5’ to 3’ strand matches complementary to a 3’ to 5’ strand

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193
Q

What is tRNA?

A

tRNA is the amino acid carrier for protein translation

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194
Q

What equation can be used to determine the number of strands made in n cycles of DNA replication?

A

2x2^n

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195
Q

How do prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity?

A

Prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity through conjugation, transformation, transduction, and transposable elements

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196
Q

Are normally produced mRNA sense or antisense?

A

Normally produced mRNA are sense mRNA

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197
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Hypoxia is when the body or a part of the body doesn’t have enough oxygen at the tissue level

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198
Q

What can cause diarrhea in terms of liquid uptake?

A

Increased movement of water from luminal epithelial cells to the intestinal lumen when something in the intestine can’t be digested can causes diarrhea

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199
Q

What is symport transport?

A

Symport refers to the transport of molecules in the same direction across the membrane

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200
Q

What are trans-acting genes?

A

Trans-acting genes are capable of activating on another chromosome

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201
Q

Is a molecule that is bound to DNA diffusible?

A

If a molecule is bound to DNA it is no longer diffusible

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202
Q

How does the fiber stay the same size when the muscle contracts?

A

Both ends of the microfilament are capped so that the fiber doesn’t change length as the muscle contracts

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203
Q

How do microfilaments elongate?

A

Microfilaments elongate by adding more actin monomers, most quickly to the + end

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204
Q

How does conjugation work?

A

In conjugation genes are transferred across a sexpilus from one bacteria to another

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205
Q

What is a stereotypes? Can it be about one’s own group?

A

Stereotype is an often unconscious categorization used to predict behavior, can be about one’s own group

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206
Q

What kind of input encodes for echoic memory?

A

Echoic memory is encoded by acoustic sensory information

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207
Q

What pairs of letters are most likely to be confused in the phonological loop?

A

Letters that sound the same (not look the same) are more likely to be confused in the phonological loop

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208
Q

What is lost and released in decarboxylation?

A

In decarboxylation the terminal carbon of a reactant is lost and carbon dioxide is released

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209
Q

Does an alkyne disrupt phospholipid packing?

A

An alkyne does not disrupt phospholipid packing because it is linear

210
Q

Are any phospholipids uncharged?

A

No since all phospholipids have a negative phosphate group (although they can have a net charge of 0)

211
Q

What state is a compound in past the supercritical point?

A

Past the supercritical point the compound exists as a supercritical fluid

212
Q

What oxidation state do carbon-oxygen bonds give the carbon atom?

A

Carbon-oxygen bonds give the carbon atom a +1 oxidation state

213
Q

What byproduct does the first carbon of pyruvate become in the link reaction between glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle?

A

The first carbon is becomes carbon dioxide

214
Q

What atom do most reducing agents have?

A

Reducing agents almost always have hydrogens to lose

215
Q

If an atom bonded to sulfur is now bonded to carbon instead how has its oxidation state changed?

A

Sulfur is more electronegative than carbon so the bond change causes reduction

216
Q

What happens to the total current when total resistance increase and voltage stays constant?

A

If the total resistance increases the total current decreases

217
Q

What is the equation for power in terms of voltage and currant?

A

P=VI

218
Q

When a switch is first closed on an uncharged capacitor what is the current?

A

The current through the capacitor is 0 when the switch is first closed

219
Q

What is Req for resistors in parallel?

A

R = 1/R1+1/R2 + etc

220
Q

Is voltage difference the same across resistors in parallel or series?

A

Voltage difference is the same across resistors in parallel (current is the same across series)

221
Q

Where will current flow towards when it is first turned on in a capacitor circuit?

A

When current is first turned on it will flow towards an uncharged capacitor

222
Q

For what order of reaction is half life constant?

A

Half life is constant in a first order reaction (t1/2 = .693/k)

223
Q

Should reactant or product absorbance be monitored in an experiment?

A

During a reaction, reactant decrease should be monitored

224
Q

What is the equation that relates absorbance and concentration?

A

Abs = molar absorptivity (e) x concentration

225
Q

Why does reaction rate slow near equilibrium?

A

As the reaction reaches equilibrium the rate slows as there are less reactants

226
Q

Is a beta or alpha anomer more stable?

A

The stability of a beta vs alpha anomer depends on which one puts the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon in an equatorial position

227
Q

What is unique about the structure of B-D-glucopyranose?

A

In B-D-glucopyranose all the substituents on the pyranose ring have equatorial orientation

228
Q

How does a D anomer differ from an L anomer in a Hawthorne ring projection

A

In a D anomer C6 is up, in an L it is down

229
Q

Is dissolving endothermic or exothermic?

A

Dissolving is exothermic because energy is released when water molecules form bonds with the solute

230
Q

How is an element removed in ion-exchange?

A

In liquid ion-exchange the element you want to remove from water is precipitated out as a solid

231
Q

What is an ambient stressor?

A

An ambient stressor is a global challenge that affects individuals on a subconscious level and are always present in one’s environment and threat long-term well being

232
Q

What does drive to reduce a physiological need account for?

A

An organism’s drive to reduce a physiological need account for the energy of motivation but not the direction (rate or lengths it goes to to reduce)

233
Q

What does incremental theory mean in the context of how people view themselves?

A

Incremental theory means that people’s view can change and grow as opposed to being static

234
Q

What is the average IQ of a 23 year old?

A

The average IQ of a 23 year old is 100

235
Q

Why is a compound more acidic when the nonmetal is in its highest oxidation state?

A

At its highest oxidation state the atom is as electron-poor as possible

236
Q

What is log2? What is log3?

A

log2 = 0.3 log3 = 0.48

237
Q

Is an alkaline solution basic or acidic?

A

An alkaline solution has more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions so it is basic

238
Q

How can a strong base and weak acid be titrated to make a buffer solution?

A

A strong base can be titrated with a weak acid by adding half the moles of base to the acid to convert have a of the acid to its conjugate base and make a buffer solution

239
Q

When does pH = pKa?

A

pH = pKa when the concentration of base and acid are equal, or at half the volume of the equivalence point

240
Q

What is the weak acid short cut for finding the pH given the concentration of acid and the pKa?

A

pH = 1/2pKa - 1/2log[HA]

241
Q

What is the shape of the titration curve for a strong acid or base?

A

A strong acid or base has a sigmoidal titration curve without a lip at the beginning

242
Q

What is the ratio of acid to base equivalents at the equivalence point?

A

At the equivalence point there are equal equivalents of base and acid (same moles of both)

243
Q

What is the wavelength of a standing wave?

A

A standing wave is at the fundamental frequency so the wavelength is double the length of the string

244
Q

What is the equation for the frequency of a closed tube?

A

f = v/4L

245
Q

How do we detect the location of a sound?

A

Sound location is detected based off the time difference it takes for the sound to reach either ear

246
Q

What is sound quality?

A

Sound quality refers to the number of harmonics that accompany the fundamental frequency

247
Q

How do you increase the intensity of a sound?

A

To increase intensity you must increase the source of the sound

248
Q

What are infrasonic frequencies?

A

Infrasonic means frequencies lower than those audible to humans

249
Q

What is the limit of accuracy in a sound measurement

A

The limit of accuracy is the wavelength of the sound wave

250
Q

Why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep?

A

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because it has brain waves similar to alert and active thinking stages

251
Q

What hormone is released before sleep and what hormone is released during sleep?

A

Melatonin, growth hormone

252
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

Participants are assigned to different groups that interact with the stimulus in a difference way or order

253
Q

What kind f statistic does an ANOVA test yeuld

A

ANOVA tests yields an F statistic

254
Q

How is an ANOVA test described (blank x blank)?

A

An ANOVA test is described by the number of independent variables x the number of groups

255
Q

What is a major aspect of the nativistic theory of language acquisition?

A

Language acquisition device

256
Q

In linguistic relativity what influences the way we perceive reality?

A

The specific language we speak influences the way we perceive reality

257
Q

What are equilibrium constants effected by?

A

Equilibrium constants are only effected by temperature

258
Q

How many O2s do hemoglobin and myoglobin bind?

A

Hemoglobin binds 4 O2s, myoglobin binds 1

259
Q

Does the amount of oxygen present increase or decrease in scuba diving?

A

In scuba diving the amount of oxygen present increases

260
Q

What state is bromine most stable in

A

Diatomic liquid

261
Q

What generates heat in a circuit?

A

Resistance generates heat in a circuit

262
Q

Is heat absorbed or released in precipitation reactions?

A

In precipitation reactions heat is released

263
Q

How many kJs are in a kcal?

A

4.18kJ in 1 kcal

264
Q

What is an imine?

A

Nitrogen with a double bond to a carbon

265
Q

How is an imine formed?

A

Imines are formed when ketones are reacted with alkyl amines

266
Q

What is the equation for momentum?

A

p = mv

267
Q

When molecules are moving faster do they collide with more or less force?

A

Molecules collide with more force when they are moving faster

268
Q

What is diffusion rate proportional to?

A

The inverse of the square root of molecular weight

269
Q

Does pressure of a gas depend on container shape?

A

The pressure exerted by a gas is independent of the shape of the container

270
Q

The critical temperature is when a BLANK can no longer be converted to a BLANK by increasing the pressure

A

Gas to liquid

271
Q

What state do supercritical fluids have the properties of?

A

Liquids

272
Q

What are allotropes?

A

molecules of one atom that can take multiple forms at the same state

273
Q

What is the common type of kidney stone?

A

Calcium salt

274
Q

What is the expression for the frictional force acting on a block on an incline?

A

mgcos theta

275
Q

What is the equation for centripetal force?

A

ma = v^2/r

276
Q

At what temperature is pH + pOH = 14?

A

25 C

276
Q

How do you find the amount of base to neutralize an acid?

A

Find the number of moles of base needed to match, taking into account the coefficients in the equation

277
Q

What color cones are in the fovea?

A

Red and green cones are in the fovea

278
Q

What is the amplitude of interfering waves at a node?

A

0

279
Q

What is the relationship between the index of refraction and speed of light?

A

v = c/n

280
Q

What material has a very large index of refraction?

A

Diamond

281
Q

What is the property of materials to transmit light over long distances

A

Transparency

282
Q

Are larger or smaller wavelengths refracted (bent) more?

A

Smaller waves refract more

283
Q

Do all peas in a pod have the same genes?

A

No

284
Q

Are replication forks bidirectional?

A

Yes

285
Q

What has circular DNA?

A

Prokaryotes (bacteria), mitochondria, chloroplasts

286
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

287
Q

What are sticky ends cut by?

A

Restriction endonucleases

288
Q

What is a supernatant?

A

The liquid formed at the top in a reaction or centrifugation, free of precipitate

289
Q

What is the most recognizable feature of erythrocytes?

A

Lack a nucleus

290
Q

What are nucleases?

A

Enzymes that break down nucleotides in DNA and RNA

291
Q

Do shorter fragments go smaller or greater distances down a Northern blot?

A

Shorter fragments move farther down

292
Q

What charge are acids at biological pH?

A

Negative

293
Q

What forces hold an integral membrane protein at the membrane?

A

Hydrophobic forces

294
Q

Do cis bonds in fatty acids make the membrane more or less fluid?

A

More fluid because they cannot pack as closely together

295
Q

Do gram positive or gram negative bacteria have outer membranes?

A

Gram negative

296
Q

What do both gram negative and positive bacteria have?

A

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

297
Q

What do all bacteria cells share?

A

Cell walls!

298
Q

Where do vesicles enter the golgi?

A

The cis face

299
Q

Where is a signal peptide of a protein cleaved

A

In the rough ER

300
Q

Where are proteins that stay in the cell translated?

A

On cytosolic ribosomes

301
Q

Where is the free phosphate in a DNA strand

A

At the 5’ end (top)

302
Q

Is there ever uracil in DNA?

A

Yes during replication when there are RNA primers

303
Q

What does DNA exonuclease do?

A

Proofreads and removes RNA at primers

304
Q

What are reciprocal determinisms?

A

The idea that behavior is influenced by and influences your social environment and cognitive processes

305
Q

What are the ABCs of attitude?

A

Affective (emotions and feelings), behavioral (reactions), cognitive (thoughts)

306
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action?

A

An individual’s intention or cognitive readiness to perform a behavior is a function of his or her attitude to become more aligned with the behavior (action affects behavior)

307
Q

What are subjective norms?

A

People’s opinions/beliefs on appropriate behavior in a particular situation

308
Q

How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?

A

By getting new info on the problem, reducing its importance, denying the conflict or changing the conditions so the behavior stops

309
Q

What neurotransmitters are decrease in the monoamine theory of depression?

A

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

310
Q

What behaviors are associated with histrionic disorders?

A

Attention seeking and dramatic

311
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

Feeling physical symptoms that don’t have a physical cause

312
Q

What properties of an object effect its drag force?

A

The shape and size of the object

313
Q

Is blood pressure greater at the top or bottom of the body?

A

Blood pressure is greater at the bottom of the body

314
Q

Is buoyant force dependent on the density of the solution?

A

No since the weight of the object doesn’t change the buoyant force doesn’t change (B = mg - N)

315
Q

What is the equation for time at the peak for parabolic motion?

A

Tapex = vi/g

316
Q

What is the horizontal acceleration in parabolic motion?

A

0

317
Q

In what kind of a solution is a substance with a high pKa mostly in its basic form?

A

Basic solution (deprotonates)

318
Q

Where are drugs taken orally usually degraded?

A

In the liver where the compound is bio transformed and inactivated

319
Q

What is the source of ATP’s energy?

A

Oxidation of nutrients from food

320
Q

Do chloride ions contribute to resting membrane potential?

A

No

321
Q

What are glial cells in the central nervous system called?

A

Oligodendrocytes

322
Q

What is the relationship between force and area?

A

P = F/A

323
Q

At a hair cells ideal frequency is the amplitude of sound needed to elicit a response large or small?

A

Small

324
Q

Are antibodies innate or acquired immunity?

A

Antibodies are acquired immunity because they are acquired from introduction to the antigen

325
Q

What regulates calcium metabolism?

A

Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D3

326
Q

What are the features of a pedigree tree for sex linked dominant disorders?

A

All of the daughters and none of the sons of affected males should have the trait

327
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

PTH allows for calcium reabsorption from bone by stimulating osteoclasts and transiently inhibiting osteoblasts

328
Q

What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

Osteoblasts are bone forming cells and osteoclasts are cells that break down bone

329
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Hypotension is low blood pressure

330
Q

What happens in the thymus?

A

T cells mature during early development in the thymus

331
Q

Where do B cells come from?

A

Bone marrow and and fetal liver produce B cells which in then produce antibodies

332
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

333
Q

What types of cells to cytotoxic T cells target?

A

They kill all cells because viruses can infect any cell type

334
Q

What is the integument?

A

Skin

335
Q

What class of molecules are steroids?

A

Steroids are lipids

336
Q

What is a compliment mutation?

A

When mutations in two separate genes work together to form a normal phenotype

337
Q

What is an obligate parasite?

A

An obligate parasite is an organism that must rely on other organisms solely to survive

338
Q

What do radioimmunoassays do?

A

Radioimmunoassays use antibodies to the compound of interest to separate it from a mix of compounds

339
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells

340
Q

What element is radiolabeled to test protein

A

Sulfur

341
Q

Can nucleic acids form secondary structures?

A

Yes- tRNA cloverleaf, stem loop, pseudoknot

342
Q

What expresses reporter genes?

A

Plasmid vectors that want the plasmid to be identified in the inserted gene

343
Q

What is a characteristic of an anti-tumor gene

A

Expression inhibits cell growth

344
Q

During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A

S phase

345
Q

What is senescence?

A

Senescences is when cells permanently stop dividing but don’t die, sometimes because of DNA damage

346
Q

What kind of inhibition is it if a lot of substrate gets rid of the effects?

A

Competitive because the substrate out competes the inhibitor

347
Q

What kinds of agents help form disulfide bonds?

A

Oxidizing agents

348
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the neural tube?

A

The ectoderm gives rise to the neural tube

349
Q

Are coenzymes organic or inorganic?

A

Organic (things like ATP)

350
Q

What do hydrolases do?

A

Hydrolases catalyze the breakdown of bonds through the addition of water

351
Q

Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?

A

Motor neurons are efferent (bring info away from the spinal chord)

352
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in the mesolimbic pathway?

A

Dopamine is the MT of the mesolimbic pathway

353
Q

What are hairpin loops for?

A

Hairpin loops can regulate transcription by causing the RNA polymerase to dissociate from the DNA

354
Q

What does cAMP signal in bacteria

A

High levels of cAMP signal low levels of glucose and vice versa because glucose lowers the cAMP concentration

355
Q

What RNA polymerase transcribes protein encoding genes?

A

RNA Polymerase II

356
Q

What are operons?

A

Clusters of genes in bacteria that are controlled by a single promoter

357
Q

What do riboenzymes do?

A

Riboenzymes splice unprocessed mRNA

358
Q

What are the different types of bacterial RNA polymerase?

A

Bacteria only has one type of RNA polymerase

359
Q

What does the leader sequence of an operon do?

A

The leader sequence can terminate transcription before RNA polymerase reaches coding genes if the molecule produced is present

360
Q

What are polycistronic transcripts?

A

Polyccistronic transcripts are in prokaryotes and contain muliple start codons to translate multiple proteins

361
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

362
Q

What is subliminal distraction?

A

Subliminal distraction is when a subtle moving stimuli in one’s periphery is registered and influences perception/behavior

363
Q

What is the James-Lange theory?

A

Emotions are the result of physiological responses to events (physiological –> cognitive –> emotion)

364
Q

What is the pathway of cortisol production?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis causes cortisol production

365
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

Each amygdala is in the temporal lobes

366
Q

When do babies start to show preference for a caregiver?

A

At 4 to 6 months

367
Q

What is secondary socialization?

A

Secondary socialization is when you learn the norms and behaviors of a smaller group within society

368
Q

What type of reinforcement is avoidance learning?

A

Negative reinforcement where a behavior is avoided later

369
Q

What does the peripheral route to persuation concentrate on?

A

The image of something or more superficial information

370
Q

What is economic capital?

A

Economic capitol is the financial resources of goods and services available

371
Q

What is quinone?

A

A conjugated dione benzene

372
Q

What is the work function of a detector?

A

Minimum energy needed to move its electron, subtracted in energy calculations

373
Q

How to add resistors in parallel?

A

1/R+1/R=1/Rt

374
Q

At what angle is the range of a projectile maximized?

A

45 degrees

375
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

The constant speed an object reaches when gravity equals the resistive force (usually from air resistance)

376
Q

What does standard deviation measure?

A

SD measures how far data points are from the mean, so things that are constant throughout the experiment do not affect it

377
Q

What is the equation for range of a projectile?

A

R =2 sin 2 theta/g

378
Q

What is the equation for total flight time?

A

t = 2voy/g (depends on velocity in the y direction only!)

379
Q

At what two angles is range the same?

A

Complementary angles

380
Q

Is traction based on static or kinetic friction?

A

Static because it’s not sliding

381
Q

What is free fall?

A

When an object moves freely because gravity is the only force (astronauts)

382
Q

What causes the depolarization of muscle fibers?

A

Binding of acetylcholine triggers Na+ channels to open

383
Q

What method does southern blot use to differentiate mutant and WT alleles?

A

Restriction digest that disrupts palindromic sites

384
Q

What is kept constant in Michaelis-Menten graphs?

A

Enzyme concentration

385
Q

Where does anterograde transport start and end?

A

Anterograde transport is from the soma to the axon terminal

386
Q

In what form does glucose enter the mitochondrial matrix?

A

As pyruvate

387
Q

What lobe is visual information processed in?

A

Visual information is processed in the occipital lobe

388
Q

What cells does light first touch in the eye?

A

Ganglion cells

389
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum is the fluid component of blood that carries nutrients around the body

390
Q

What accumulates when a multistep reaction is blocked?

A

The intermediate just before the inhibited enzyme should accumulate

391
Q

What does serotonin control?

A

Memory, learning, mood, appetite, sleep, sex

392
Q

What kind of muscle regulation are cardiac and smooth muscle controlled by? Striated muscle?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle are controlled by myosin-based regulation, striated (skeletal muscle is controlled by actin-based regulation

393
Q

What muscles in the thigh oppose each other’s motion?

A

Hamstrings and quadriceps (when one contracts the other relaxes and vice versa)

394
Q

What is a thin contractile protein called? A thick contractile protein?

A

Actin, myosin

395
Q

How does role playing affect attitude?

A

When a person’s behavior is influenced by the position they are in it can affect their attitude about themselves or others

396
Q

What does outcome depend on in game theory?

A

Outcome depends on the actions of the other players so you must take their choices into account for your strategy

397
Q

What is the difference between proactive and reactive social movements?

A

Proactive social movement aim to enact change, reactive social movement resist change

398
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

Inhibitory and present throughout the brain

399
Q

What psychological method does brainwashing use?

A

Operant conditioning (isolation, dependency, and reward)

400
Q

What are the social renditions of conflict theory?

A

Class and status disparity

401
Q

What personality traits determine behavior in Allport’s trait theory

A

Cardinal traits are rare but determine behavior

402
Q

What are the waves of an alert person?

A

Beta

403
Q

What is the main feature of Treisman’s model

A

attenuation to decrease the intensity of certain stimuli

404
Q

What is the difference between a confounding variable and a moderating variable?

A

a confounding variable distorts the relationship between variables, while a moderating variable affects the strength or direction of that relationship

405
Q

What type of task is repeating words or numbers you hear?

A

Shadowing (not recall because don’t need to remember)

406
Q

Where is linguistic information processed?

A

Linguistic information is processed in the left cerebral hemisphere

407
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

The ventral brain (next to the pituitary gland and thalamus)

408
Q

What physiological effect does cocaine have?

A

Cocaine inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (sometimes mimics stress)

409
Q

What happens in instinctual drift?

A

In animals established habits learned with operant techniques are replaced by innate food-related behaviors

410
Q

What are some agents of socialization?

A

Pop culture, school, family, religion

411
Q

What happens to the spring constant when the number of coils increases?

A

The k decreases

412
Q

How do you distinguish exponential/radical charts?

A

The graph curve towards the axis with the variable that changes by more each time, put the relationship into y = x to the whatever first

413
Q

What’s the equation for momentum?

A

p = mv

414
Q

How do you increases the torque applied on a wheel?

A

Increase the distance of the lever arm

415
Q

What is the equation for power in terms of work?

A

P = W/time

416
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA synthesized?

A

The nucleolus

417
Q

How do enzymes get into the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores

418
Q

How are non-standard amino acids incorporated into proteins?

A

They are usually incorporated into proteins as the standard amino acid and then later modified

419
Q

Where is urea synthesized?

A

The liver

420
Q

What form do antibodies often take?

A

Antibodies (usually bivalent) often cross-link antigen molecules into a large lattice

421
Q

Does cholesterol increase or decrease fluidity when it is in high concentrations?

A

Increases fluidity

422
Q

Why does cholesterol form plaque?

A

Because it is insoluble in water

423
Q

What are the monomers of lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose through B1-4 glycosidic bond

424
Q

What is the decibal formula?

A

10xlog(intensity)

425
Q

How do fluorescent dyes work?

A

Fluorescent dyes that go into molecules of interest absorb light energy at a specific wavelength and emit a longer wavelength, producing color (even when the molecule itself does not absorb the wavelength)

426
Q

What kind of enzyme transfers phosphate groups from ATP to target proteins?

A

Transferase

427
Q

If a product of a reaction is colored what can you assume?

A

That the product has conjugation

428
Q

How do you decrease steric hindrance?

A

Replace bulky substituents with smaller groups

429
Q

What tends to cause dimers to dissociate?

A

Electrostatic repulsion

430
Q

What is the hybridization of most transition states?

A

sp3

431
Q

What is the measure variable?

A

The dependent variable (y axis)

432
Q

What is a positive cooperativity hill constant?

A

Greater than 1

433
Q

In what virus cycle does the virus DNA integrate into the host cell?

A

Lysogenic cycle

434
Q

What amino acids have amide groups?

A

Glutamine and Asparagine

435
Q

What axis is the independent variable on?

A

X axis

436
Q

Are morbidity rates higher for men or women? Mortality rates?

A

Morbidity rates are higher for women, mortality rates are higher for men

437
Q

What is the poverty line in the US for a family of 4?

A

$27,890

438
Q

What is the common cause of conformity?

A

Peer pressure

439
Q

What is the path of a cohort study?

A

Start with a group of healthy participants and track them over time to see who develops the disease

440
Q

Does sex influence gender

A

Yes, sex is a gender characteristic

441
Q

What is a key characteristic of stage 4 of demographic transition?

A

In stage 4 there is population stagnation or decline

442
Q

What is adaptive attitude in functional attitudes theory?

A

When people change their beliefs about things to match what is widely accepted in a group

443
Q

Is resolution of conflicts required in each stage of Erikson’s model?

A

No but it is healthier

444
Q

What are some examples of social groups?

A

Clubs, businesses, families, circles of friends, local religious congregations, and fraternity and sorority chapters (shared identity, interaction, sense of belonging)

445
Q

Who is in your secondary group?

A

People that you interact with superficially and not for long

446
Q

What neurotransmitters do opioids like heroin and morphine mimic?

A

Endorphins or the natural painkillers of the brain (sex and exercise and please)

447
Q

What is a proximal stimulus?

A

A proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by sensory receptors

448
Q

What are false memories?

A

Memories that feel real but are distorted or not true

449
Q

How is the subject’s motivation state found in operant conditioning?

A

Negative punishment- deprivation

450
Q

Should controlled factors be adjusted for statistically?

A

No bc they’ve already been accounted for

451
Q

What is incentive theory?

A

The incentive theory says that factors in community and culture can motivate behavior

452
Q

What’s the difference between social and cultural capital?

A

Social capital is about network and relationships while cultural capital is about education, language, social norms, appearance

453
Q

James-Lange Theory?

A

Trigger (snake) –> Physical change (heart pounding) –> Emotion (fear)

454
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

Trigger (snake) –> simultaneously physical change (heart pounding) and emotion (fear)

455
Q

Schachter-Singer?

A

Trigger (snake) –> simultaneously physical change (hear pounding) and cognitive label (I’m scared) –> emotion (fear)

456
Q

What is the intensity threshold of sound that causes pain?

A

130-140 dB

457
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Nerve endings in skin, joints, muscle that detect pain and send signals to the brain

458
Q

What part of the body perceives motion and acceleration?

A

The vestibular system of the ear (semicircular canals. utricle/horizontal, saccule/vertical)

459
Q

What causes action potentials in hair cells?

A

Bending of stereocilia attached to the tectorial membrane

460
Q

What happens in the formal operational stage

A

13-25 years, children can understand the perspectives of others

461
Q

What happens in the concrete operational stage?

A

7-11 years, Children think rationally and logically, have conservation skills

462
Q

What happens in the pre-operational stage?

A

4-7 years, children use symbols to represent things, pretend play

463
Q

What does SDS-PAGE separate proteins by?

A

SDS-PAGE separates proteins by mass

464
Q

What does affinity chromatography separate proteins by?

A

Affinity chromatography separates proteins by interaction with a specific ligand

465
Q

What does isoelectric focusing separate proteins by?

A

pH at which the molecule has no charge (isoelectric point)

466
Q

What enzyme is used in gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis?

A

Glucose 6-phosphatase

467
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen breakdown

468
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids, lactate, glycerol)

469
Q

What are some starting materials in gluconeogenesis?

A

lactate, ocalocaetate, alpha ketoglutarate, pyruvate

470
Q

What are the units of Farad?

A

Coulomb’s/Volt

471
Q

What does an uncompettive inhibitor do to Vmax and Km?

A

Decreases Vmax, decreases Km

472
Q

What is molar ratio?

A

Molar fraction: x = ni/ntotal

473
Q

How do anion exchange columns work?

A

In anion exchange columns molecules are separated by charge as negative molecules are attracted to the positive resin, then a counter ion is added to elude the molecule

474
Q

How is a protein prepared for SDS-PAGE?

A

The protein is denatured in the detergent so it forms a linear chain that is then separated by size and negative charge

475
Q

What is mixed inhibition?

A

When the inhibitor can bind to the enzyme or the enzyme substrate complex

476
Q

What does pull down of a protein mean?

A

The pull-down assay which isolates a specific protein from a mixture

477
Q

Where is cytochrome c and what does it do?

A

Cytochrome c acts in the mitochondrial membrane where is shuttles electrons one at a time

478
Q

Is the pellet or the supernatant solid/more dense?

A

The pellet

479
Q

What is the average molecular weight of an amino acid?

A

110 Da

480
Q

How many reduced electron carriers are made in the citric acid cycle?

A

3 (2 NADH, 1 FADH2)

481
Q

What is the equation for the efficiency of an enzyme?

A

efficiency = kcat/Km = Vmax/Km[E]

482
Q

How can data show independent pathways?

A

If blocking one pathway still leads to products of the other pathway

483
Q

What synthesizes RNA primers in DNA replication?

A

Primase

484
Q

What processes make up endogenous glucose production?

A

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

485
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

486
Q

What are the two consequence types in functionalism?

A

Manifest and latent

487
Q

What kind of sensory cells are in the cochlear ganglia?

A

Bipolar and unipolar cells

488
Q

What does a study limitation mean?

A

A study limitation is a shortcoming in the design of the experiment that affects interpretation of results or generalizability of the findings

489
Q

What is the purpose of the test phase?

A

To help participants understand the format, content and expectations of the experiment so these things are controlled for

490
Q

What do hallucinogens do?

A

Hallucinogens block neural circuits that use serotonin, disrupting the prefrontal cortex

491
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

Intersectionality is how identity categories (like race/ethnicity) play a role in systems of social stratification (ie social class)

492
Q

What is the looking glass self?

A

When your idea of yourself is influenced by how you think other people see you, leads to internalization

493
Q

How does fMRI measure changes in brain activity?

A

By tracking oxygenated blood flow in the parts of the brain

494
Q

What do CT scans measure?

A

Xray so bones

495
Q

What sleep stage do spindle fibers occur in?

A

2

496
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance, coordination, motor functions

497
Q

What does the nucleus accumbens control?

A

Reward, pleasure, ADDICTION, pain

498
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Processes emotions and identifies threats

499
Q

What is place theory?

A

Place theory says that we can hear different pitches because sound waves trigger activity at different places on the cochlea’s basilar membrane

500
Q

What do exchange and rational choice theory have in common?

A

They assume people are logical and make decisions based on what will bring them personal gain

501
Q

What is a common evolutionary stressor?

A

Lack of resources, specifically food

502
Q

When do infants start expressing stranger anxiety?

A

8 months

503
Q

How does reliability differ from generalizability?

A

Reliability is about how consistent the studies or tools results are, generalizability is how applicable the results are to the broader population

504
Q

What hormones are derived from tryptophan?

A

Serotonin and melatonin

505
Q

What hormones are derived from tyrosine?

A

Catecholamines- epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

506
Q

What is the difference between conformity and compliance?

A

Conformity is when you change your behavior to fit the group but compliance is when you agree when someone requests something from you

507
Q

What is the function of the lingual gyrus?

A

Processing letters while reading

508
Q

What is rationalization?

A

A defense mechanism where you create justifications for behavior

509
Q

What is the Zeigarnik effect?

A

The observation that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones

510
Q

What is rosy retrospection

A

Remembering the past as better than it really was

511
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Spores (sexually or asexually)

512
Q

When does the centromere split in meiosis?

A

Anaphase II

513
Q

What is the force driving fluids through the glomerulus?

A

Blood pressure

514
Q

What does increasing blood pressure do to reabsorption in the kidneys?

A

Decreases reabsorption because fluid flow has increased

515
Q

What factors determine blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) and resistance to blood flow

516
Q

What happens to blood flow to muscles during exercise?

A

Blood flow increases via vasodilation

517
Q

What do you need to have an independent variable?

A

Manipulation from the experimenter

518
Q

Do people using the peripheral route of persuasion have the ability to form general or specific impressions?

A

They only have the ability to form general impressions

519
Q

What personality disorders are similar?

A

BPD, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic, antisocial personality disorder

520
Q

When do you use reinforcement vs punishment?

A

Reinforcement when you want to increase the frequency of a behavior, punishment when you want to decrease it

521
Q

What’s another way to say antisocial personality disorder?

A

Sociopath (lack of emotion, impulsive)

522
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Memory disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

523
Q

Can an experiment show causation?

A

No! Don’t pick that extreme choice

524
Q

What is anticipatory socialization?

A

Anticipatory socialization is the process by which individuals prepare for future roles by learning the values and standards of a new group

MCAT (4 decks)

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