Exam Lessons Learned Flashcards
What is normality?
Normality is the number of equivalents of reactive species per liter of solution
Should you chose the extreme answer choice?
Probably not!
What does SOCl2 + an aldehyde do?
Makes an acyl halide
How do you find the resultant force when two are acting in opposing directions?
Vector sum
What is the torque at a pivot point?
0
What direction is anterior?
Front
What is the pH of the equivalence point of a diprotic weak acid?
(1/2)(pKa1+pKa2)
What equation represents Newton’s 3rd Law?
Fa on b = -Fb on a
What are common steroids?
Aldosterone, estrogen, cortisol, testosterone
What kinds of reactions do oxidoreductases catalyze?
Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions where electrons are transferred
What does an oxalyl group look like?
2 carboxyls right next to each other
What molecule in the electron transport chain has the most positive standard reduction potential?
O2 is the final electron acceptor because it has the most positive standard reduction potential
Do reactions coupled with ATP hydrolysis have a positive or negative ∆G?
Negative
What is the Keq if the ∆G of the forward reaction is negative?
Keq > 1
What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?
The angle of incidence always equals the angle of reflection
What is the Keq of the reverse reaction?
1/Keq
Is -OCH3 an electron donating or withdrawing group?
OCH3 is an electron donating group
What configuration is most stable for a monosubstituted benzene ring?
Para or ortho
What substituents are carbocations stabilized by?
Carbocations are stabilized by substituents with many electrons, like fluorine
What conditions are favorable in reactions with -∆S?
Low temperatures (need to make T∆S minimal)
What does pushing an object parallel to gravity do?
Increases the normal force by the force of pushing
How many hydrogen bonds does C-G form?
3
Does the solubility of water vapor in air increase or decrease with altitude?
Decreases because temperature decreases
What is the equivalence point?
The point where the reaction comes to an end in a titration
What is a negative control?
A group not exposed to the experimental treatment or to any other treatment that is not expected to have an effect
What is homotopic regulation?
When a molecule serves as a substrate for its target enzyme, regulates activity
Is a high Ka a strong or weak acid?
A higher Ka is a strong acid
What is a suicide inhibitor?
A molecule that binds irreversibly to the active site of an enzyme and forms covalent bonds with it
When are transition metal ions colored?
When they have open d orbitals to move to when they absorb photons
What is the acceleration of an object when the force applied is less that the force of static friction?
Zero
What is the equation for mechanical advantage?
MA = force(output)/force(input), W(output) = W(input)
What are the properties of a positron?
Mass of an electron but positively charged
What direction does current flow in a circuit?
From the positive terminal (long stick) to the negative terminal (short stick) of the battery
What does hydrolysis of carbon dioxide produce?
Bicarbonate, which leads to the bicarbonate buffer system
What happens to the pH of blood when you hyperventilate?
It increases
What is an equivalent unit to Pa
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
What happens to pressure when velocity increases in a pipe?
Pressure decreases when velocity increases
What is pressure converted to when a closed pipe is opened
Energy
What is the equation for flow rate?
Flow rate = cross sectional area x velocity
What variable is needed two compare to results?
A control is needed for a baseline measurement to compare results to
If the results are not different then the control what can be said about them?
They are not significant
What is typically the purpose of a culture medium?
To promote cell growth
What three cell types are granulocytes?
Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
What is PKA stimulated by?
cAMP
What technique sterilizes laboratory materials?
Autoclave
Is meiosis cyclical?
No
What is a double crossover event?
A double-crossover event is one in which chromosomal arms of homologous chromosomes cross over in two different places along the arm
What are the basic amino acids?
K, R, H
What types of muscles does troponin act on?
Skeletal and cardiac muscles (required for muscle contraction)
What are the types of fibers in skeletal muscles?
Red fibers (slow-twitch) and white fibers (fast-twitch)
What do isomerases do?
Isomerases catalyze the conversion of one isomer into another
What does the liver store?
Excess fat (can cause fatty liver disease if too much)
What is Chargaff’s rule?
In double-stranded DNA %A=%T. %C=%G
What compounds are good to label to detect the metabolic activity of cancer?
Glucose because cancer cells have a high rate of glycolysis (PET scans usually label glucose or oxygen)
What process produces lactate in cells?
Fermentation
What is LDL
Fat that carries cholesterol to cells throughout the body, bad cholesterol
What is the mitotic spindle composed of?
Microtubules
At moderate/high/physiological temperatures does cholesterol increase rigidity or fluidity of the cell membrane
Cholesterol increases rigidity of the cell membrane by attracting adjacent phospholipid tails
What are homologous structures?
Homologous structures are those that have similar evolutionary history/the same source but now have different functions (arm and flipper)
What does the uvula do?
The uvula prevents backflow of food or liquid into the nasal cavity
When is pressure the greatest in the lungs?
When volume is smallest (inhale)
Which autosomal trisomies are viable?
Trisomy 21, 18, 13
What is the p arm of a chromosome
The short end (centromere is not centered)
During which phase do spindle fibers attach to the chromosome?
Metaphase
What neurotransmitters are catecholamines?
Dopamine and norepinephrine
What kinds of molecules are produced and secreted by neurons?
Neurotransmitters…
What is parsimony?
The idea that the phylogenetic tree that requires the fewest branches/mutations is most likely
Are cells after meiosis one haploid or diploid?
Haploid
What direction is a blot for protein level?
Western
What is the y-intercept in a Lineweaver-Burk plot?
1/Vmax
How can amino acids cross membranes?
Through protein channels
Does insulin promote storage or use of glucose
Storage
Are acetals or alcohols more hydrophobic soluble?
Alcohols
Does single stranded DNA have RNA primers?
No because it is not being replicated (it is being used for replication)
What is a mediating variable?
A mediating variable is one that explains the relationship between two other variables
What is a moderating variable?
A moderating variable moderates the intensity of the relationship between the dependent and independent variable
What is ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is a world view in which one views other cultures through the lens of one’s own culture
What reinforcement schedule is most resistant to behavior extinction?
Variable-ratio
What is construct validity
Construct validity refers to the validness of the definitions of terms in the study (the study is actually tested what it thinks it is)
What is self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy is the belief that someone has the ability to act in ways that will help them achieve their goals
What is the independent variable?
The variable researchers control and change
What is the primary neurotransmitter of the mesolimbic system?
Dopamine
Is prejudice or discrimination a behavioral difference?
Discrimination is a behavior difference, prejudice is an attitude difference
Is approach or avoidance the appealing option in a decision?
Approach = appealing features, avoidance = appealing features
What is scarcity?
Scarcity is basically how people handle satisfying themselves regarding unlimited wants and needs with resources that are limited
What is the difference between reliability and validity in a study?
“reliability” refers to the consistency of a measurement, meaning whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions, while “validity” refers to the accuracy of a measurement, indicating whether the results truly represent what they are intended to measure
What is the functionalist view?
Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that carry out a specific role to together maintain social equilibrium
What is social desirability bias?
Social norms that put pressure to act a certain way, pertains to answering questionnaire questions
Can lack of touch be corrected by later pairing with mother according to the Harlow study?
No, they still show abnormal behavior after lack of touch
What is anomie?
Anomie is when society feels fragmented and lacks cohesiveness/normalness (associated with poverty)
What is availability heuristic?
Availability heuristic is when people make judgements by over-relying on information that is immediately available to them
What is internal validity?
Internal validity refers to the degree to which causal conclusions can be drawn in the study (accounting for confounding variables, statistic powers, etc)
What is the nucleus accumbens responsible for?
The nucleus accumbens is the center for reward sensitivity and motivation
Is individual or institutional discrimination a conscious choice?
Individual (institutional can be intentional or unintentional )
What conflict in Erikson’s stages occur in people 65 and older?
Integrity vs despair from reflecting on life
When is the reward presented in operant conditioning?
The reward is presented after the desired behavior is performed
Which of the components of Freud’s psyche model (id, superego, ego) have an unconscious element
All!
Which brain area integrates sensory information inputs including proprioception, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
The parietal lobe integrates sensory information inputs including proprioception, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
What is reciprocal determinism?
Reciprocal determinism (Bandura) is when a behavior influences and is influenced by personal factors (such as beliefs) and the environment
What is deindividuation?
Deindividuation is when people are in a group situation where they don’t feel accountable for their actions
What is social cognitive theory?
Social cognitive theory says that people learn by watching others (so if someone is rewarded for a behavior the person watching might do it too)
Do bureaucracies focus on individual people and relationships?
No bureaucracies focus on the hierarchical structure, are impersonal, and have written rules
What is the equation for free energy change?
∆G = ∆H -T∆S
What electronic transition series of hydrogen is visible light produced from?
Balmer series (from higher level to 2)
Electrons from which molecular orbitals require the most energy to eject?
sp because they are the highest energy as a result of the s character (electrons are closest to the nucleus)
What kind of particle has the smallest mass?
Gamma particle (essentially massless)
How does priority change across a group for chirality? What is more important the atoms priority or the bond character?
Priority increases down a group, rules about atom priority supercede rules about bonds
What is the sign of ∆G for a galvanic cell?
Negative
Name H3PO4, H3PO3, and H3PO2
phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid
What does a large Ksp mean?
The compound is very soluble
What in the body is elastic?
Nothing a bit of energy will always be lost
What is the energy stored in a spring
PE/KE = 1/2kx2 (F = kx)
What is 1/12? 1/8?
0.083, 0.125
In an experiment when you stimulate a compound what are you testing?
You are usually testing if you can get the compound to work or if its broken
During hyperventilation does CO2 and O2 increase or decrease
CO2 decreases (causing acidic blood) and O2 increases
What subunits are eukaryotic proteins synthesized on?
80S
What does aldosterone do to K+ and Na+ levels?
Aldosterone decreases blood K+ levels (increases K+ secretion) and increases Na+ levels (Na+ reabsorption increases)
What is glycosylation?
Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that attaches carbohydrates the protein to mark it for folding and packaging
How can the Michaelis-Menten equation be approximated for reactions with low substrate concentrations and large Kms
V = k[S]
What does surfactant do?
Surfactant decreases surface tension so that the alveoli remain inflated when the lungs are compressed
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
When phosphorylation occurs generated in glycolysis (2ATP) and the citric acid cycle (1 GTP), before oxidative phosphorylation
What is broken down in beta oxidation?
Beta oxidation breaks down a fatty acyl-CoA molecule into acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2
What does SDS-PAGE sort by and what molecules travel farther?
SDS-PAGE sorts by molecular weight and molecules (DNA/RNA/proteins move towards a positively charged pole
Which nucleotides are purines?
A and G
What solvents are best for Sn2 reactions?
Polar aprotic solvents are favored by Sn2 reactions
What is passive immunity?
Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready made antibodies from one person to another
Do heavier or lighter fragments travel farther in electrophoresis?
Lighter fragments travel farther in electrophoresis
How are the light and heavy chains of an immunoglobulin connected?
The chains of an immunoglobulin are connected by pairs of polypeptides forming disulfide bonds (creates a molecule shaped like a Y)
What types of molecules are immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins/antibodies are glycoproteins
What is stimulus generalization?
Stimulus generalization is when a response to a stimulus also occurs in response to similar stimuli
What are universal emotions
Emotions expressed the same way across cultures (fear, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise)
What is a clinical patient sample in terms of a study of a disorder?
A patient sample diagnosed with that disorder
Can relationships between other variables in the study strengthen your study?
Yes if they align with what you are saying
What is attributional bias?
Attributional bias refers to systematically making mistakes by trying to attribute people’s behaviors to a reason
What is self-serving bias?
Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute good outcomes with internal factors and bad outcomes with external factors
What kind of neurons are efferent? Afferent?
Motor neurons are efferent, sensory neurons are afferent (interneurons are neither)
What are examples of impression management?
Flattery, boasting, self-promotion, conformity, integration
What is a ratio level of measurement?
A ratio level of measurement is when there is a range of number responses equally spaced with 0 being a possibility
What do people with Wernicke’s aphasia have trouble with?
People with Wernicke’s aphasia have difficulty connecting meaning to language so they can’t express or understand meaning in language
What do the temporal lobes mainly process?
Emotion and sensory information
What is proactive interference
Proactive interference is when old material interferes with learning new material
Can studies testing something on a patient group say anything about the controls?
Yes sometimes info about the controls/healthy patients is revealed
What is advancement in meritocracies based on?
In meritocracies people progress based on ability and talent
What is the context effect?
The context effect is the influence of the environment on a person’s perception of a stimulus (for example better recall when learning and testing in the same place)
What does a correlation coefficient say?
Correlation coefficient describes the strength of the relationship on a scale from -1 to 1 (1 being linear)
Where is sperm produced?
Sperm is produced by the sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules
What is the internal consistency of a study?
Internal consistency refers to how well the parts of the test correlate with each other (not usually relevant to findings)
Are implicit attitudes conscious or unconscious?
Unconscious, explicit attitudes are conscious
What is the equation for Doppler shift?
Vb = FdVs/2F0cos(theta)
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the mitochondria and cytosol
What is gluconeogenesis?
Creating glucose from non-carbon sources (amino acids, lactate, glycerol)
What role does the amino group take in hydrogen bonding?
An amine acts as a hydrogen bond donor
What is the equation for the efficiency of an engine?
n (efficiency) = W/Qh
What does adiabatic mean?
No heat exchange
What is the normal force when the centripetal force is minimal?
0
What is attenuation?
the reduction of the amplitude of a signal
What are the strong acids?
perchloric (HClO4), hydroiodic (HI), hydrobromic (HBr), hydrochloric (HCl), sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3), and chloric (HClO3)
What is chemotaxis?
Chemotaxis is when damaged or infected cells release chemicals to attract macrophages
What does cadherin do?
Cadherin is a protein that facilitates cell to cell adhesion
What does a vaccine require to work?
Functioning immune system that can recognize the invader
How do antibiotics enter bacterial?
Antibiotics enter through porins in the outer member which aid diffusion of hydrophilic antibodies
What happens when there is constant calcium in myocytes
continuous contractions (tetany)
How do steroid hormones get to target tissues around the body?
Steroid hormones bind to transport proteins because they cannot dissolve in the blood plasma directly
What are muscles made of?
Myofibrils
Can enzymes be stereospecific?
Yes some enzymes can only react with a particular stereoisomer and will only catalyze a reaction that produces a specific isomer
What is the lytic phase of a phage
When a virus infects and kills/lyses immediately
What does the 5’ untranslated region do?
The 5’UTR regulates the translation of a transcript by recruiting the ribosome
What is the equation for replication number in PCR?
of DNA strands x 2^#of cycles
What’s in a mature mRNA?
5’ cap (one base pair), 5’UTR, coding region, 3’UTR, polyA tail
When does a voluntary muscle contract involuntary?
When a reflex arc is operating
What is symbolic interaction theory?
Symbolic interaction theory says that people act based on meanings of cultural symbols that are derived from social interaction
When is an independent samples t-test used?
An independent samples t-test is used when comparing the means of two-unrelated groups
What does relative poverty measure?
Relative poverty is when a family isn’t meeting needs that are beyond basic necessities of life, it is less concrete than absolute poverty but more consistent across time
What sleep stage do sleepwalking and bedwetting occur in?
Stage 3 (Delta), deep
How long is a typical adult sleep cycle?
90 minutes
What are stimulus motives
Stimulus motives are behaviors that are innate (unlearned) but not necessary for survival
What did Stanley Milgram study?
Obedience (participants will follow anything if instructed by a superior, even things that go against their conscience)
What is informative pressure?
Informative pressure is when you conform because you think the group is better informed than you
How is deuterium different from hydrogen?
Deuterium has a proton and a neutron, hydrogen only contains a proton
Does an enzyme stabilize or destabilize a transition state?
An enzyme stabilized the transition state to lower its energy
What is the equation for index of refraction?
n = c/v (should always be more than 1)
What is the energy of electromagnetic radiation directly proportional to?
Energy is directly proportional to the number of photons and intensity
What kind of bonding enhances the rigidity of molecules?
Intermolecular disulfide bonding (more than intramolecular)
What is the linkage type in glycogen?
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
What molecule should you date when looking at the activity of a phosphatase?
Phosphate 32
What is the thin lens equation?
1/o + 1/i = 1/f
Do you multiply standard reduction and oxidation potentials by the coefficients of the balanced reaction?
No just add them
What are nicotinamide nucleotides?
NAD+
What’s special about the medullary portion of the collecting duct?
The medullary portion of the collecting duct is the last portion of the tubules where reabsorption can occur so it contains the most concentrated glomerular filtrate
What is the composition of lipid rafts?
Lipid rafts are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids
Do enzymes modify substrate structure or shape?
Enzymes alter substrate shape (and pH) but do not alter substrate primary structure
What do specific enzymes assays measure?
Enzyme assays measure the activity of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme
What do fibroblasts do?
Fibroblasts support and connect tissues and organs
What is a major metabolic function of glucocorticoids?
Glucocorticoid stimulates gluconeogenesis
What is the function of the endomembrane system?
The endomembrane system is in charge of modifying proteins that will be secreted
How does diabetes affect breakdown of macromolecules?
Proteins and lipids are used more as a source of glucose
When does the concrete operational stage start and what is the goal?
7 years old, conservation, reversibility, problem solving
What do punishments do to response?
Punishments decrease the frequency of response
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
Heart beat, blood pressure, digestion, body temperature, pupils, etc
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence
Can you always do an experimental study?
No, sometimes you can’t manipulate the variables or it’s unethical to assign random groups
What is actor-observer bias?
Observers will attribute their own bad behavior to situational factors (not feeling well), whereas observers will attribute actors’ behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness)
Are there specific stress responses depending on the stressor?
No (Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome) an organism’s stress response always follows a similar course
How can multiple tests be used to assess validity?
If the tests have the relationship they are supposed to then it can support validity
What is sensory memory?
Sensory memory is the short-term storage of sensory information, such as how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels
What are in-groups typically based on
Shared identity in terms of one thing like race, gender, religion
What are ethnographic methods?
Ethnographic methods tend to be systematic observations of social settings or culture
What is the equation for number of stereoisomers?
2^n (n= chiral centers of double bonds)
What is the equation for Weber’s Law?
k = change in stimulus/original stimulus
What are you solving for in the Doppler equation?
The frequency of sound observed
By what percent does a competitive inhibitor decrease binding of substrate?
At least 50%
What is the equation for fraction of object submerged in water?
fraction submerged = density of object / density of the fluid
What is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
To oxidize NADH so it can go back and do more glycolysis
What is the equation for NADH oxidation post glycolysis?
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ –> lactate + NAD+
What is the signal sequence composed of?
Hydrophobic residues flanked by positives
Can antibodies made in other organisms be used to treat humans?
Yes but the antibody structure (everything but codon usually) needs to be altered so the immune system doesn’t attack them, usually made through transgenic animals that have human genes
Pay attention to those details in order/time
Bound first then migrated so because of the chain order need to be able to bind to migrate
What usually happens when proteins are mistranslated?
They don’t fold correctly
When substrate concentration is low what is important for enzyme function?
The binding is strong so Km is low
Why do populations not usually grow immediately after the addition of a resource?
It takes a bit to use the resource to produce more offspring
Are there more red blood cells in veins or arteries?
There’s the same in both
Why are capillaries so narrow?
To maximize RBC surface area for gas exchange
Why would antibiotics not be used (other than resistance)
If killing the cell would cause release of particles that do more damage to the host
What is derived from the endoderm?
Most internal organs (except kidney and heart)
What do the serial position and primacy effect say about long term vs short term memory?
Says they are separate systems because words seen first are more likely transferred to LTM and words seen recently are still in STM
What Piaget stage is accommodation mastered in?
Sensorimotor stage when children must use schema to understand new experiences
How is response to behavior different in operant vs classical conditioning?
In operant conditioning the response is changed to be positive or negative depending on behavior, in classical the response is always the same to pair it to the stimulus
When is working memory used?
Mental math, remembering phone numbers/lists, following instructions, conversations, etc
What is peristalsis?
Peristalsis is a series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food and fluids through the digestive tract and other tubes in the body
What is procedure utilization?
frequency at which a specific medical procedure is performed within a given population or healthcare setting, institutional factor
What can exclusion of cases in a study lead to?
A biased sample
What does social constructionism say about making things?
anything that humans create, from abstract concepts to more tangible tools and technologies, reflect the social conditions of the time and place in which they were produced (everything has societal values in it)
What conversion does a half life measure?
A half life measures the time for radioactive nuclei to decay into daughter nuclei (not necessarily radioactive)
What does increasing the angle of the lever arm do to toque?
Increases torque up to 90 degrees
What is the tertiary structure of the protein?
Overall 3D shape driven by side chain interactions, all proteins have them
Where does the phosphate that a kinase transfers to a molecule come from?
The gamma phosphate of ATP
What type of electrochemical cells force non-spontaneous reactions to occur?
Electrolytic cells
What is a coordination/ligancy number?
The number of atoms/molecules that a central atom carries in a coordinated complex
How do you find ∆H
∆Products(coefficient in equation) -∆Reactants(coefficient in equation)
What are the two spring equations?
F = -kx and W/PE/KE = 1/2kx^2
What are hydrogen bonds between in the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds are between the backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens
What is the charge of a molecule when the pH is less than its isoelectric point?
Positive
What does histone acetylation entail?
in histone acetylation an acetyl group is added to a histone protein to make chromatin accessible
What are prions?
Prions are misfolded variants of a protein that can cause misfolding when interacting with normally folded variants of the same protein, prions can infect host organisms and lead to disease
Does increasing the molecule help when the receptor is the issue?
No because it doesn’t help the receptor respond
What is the formula for percent increase?
New value/old value - 1
What is the direction of protein synthesis?
Amino terminus contains the start codon and is translated towards the carboxy terminus with the stop codon
What’s another name for centrosomes?
Microtubule organizing center
What happens in the epididymis?
Sperm storage, sperm mature and become mobile, now able to fertilize
In what form do myosin heads bind to actin?
When ADP is bound to the heads, release from actin when ATP binds (in sarcomere)
What groups does heme contain?
Iron and four pyrrole rings (5 member ring with N)
What is the cori cycle?
Pathway in the liver that converts lactate from muscles to glucose, which goes back to the muscles
What are imprinted genes?
genes that are expressed or silenced depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or father
What epithelial cells produce mucus in the respiratory tract?
Goblet cells
What cells produce surfactant in the lungs
Pneumocytes II
What is prospective memory?
Memory for tasks that must be completed in the future
What is eidetic memory
The ability to recall an image from memory with high accuracy (photographic memory)
What is reproductive memory
The idea that info retrieved from long term memory may not be totally accurate
What brain area regulates sleep?
Pons
What are the components of SES?
income, education, employment status, occupational prestige, and subjective perceptions of social status and social class
What are NMDA receptors?
glutamate-gated ion channels that allow calcium ions to pass through, involved in learning, memory and synaptic function
What is structural mobility?
When the SES status of a whole population is changed
What are the subtypes of actor-observer bias?
Fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias
Is symbolic interactionism usually concerned with macro or micro level factors?
Micro
What is it called when perceptual systems are not functioning optimally?
Perceptual maladaption
What are the requirements for an aromatic compound?
Must be cyclic, planar and have 4n+2 pi electrons
What is transferred in a acetylation reaction?
A carbonyl with a methyl (added to an existing carbon or nitrogen)
What is the continuity equation of fluids?
ρ₁A₁v₁ = ρ₂A₂v₂
If both parents have the disorder but some of the kids don’t what do you know about the mechanism of inheritance?
It’s dominant
What allows actin to bind to myosin-binding sites?
Calcium binds troponin so tropomyosin no longer blocks the binding sites
How do RNA viruses replicate?
RNA viruses have their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
What is false consciousness?
way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation (sometimes used by capitalists to control working class)
What is a peer group considered?
A peer group is considered a primary group
What theory incorporates social solidarity, feeling a sense of belonging to larger society?
Functionalism (social harmony)
What physiological issues are associated with low serotonin?
Digestion/bowel problems and trouble sleeping
What is sensory interaction?
The idea that one sensory modality may influence another
What is a ping pong or double displacement reaction?
A reaction where the enzyme produces the first product, changes conformation and binds a second substrate
What does anaerobic respiration do to the pH of the plasma?
pH decreases
How does increasing plasma temperature affect hemoglobin affinity for O2
Increasing temperature decreases hemoglobin affinity
What are the primary innate immune cells of the central nervous system
Microglia are phagocytes for the brain and spinal cord
What is an amber codon?
A stop codon
What is the naming explosion
a period when children rapidly increase their vocabulary and learn to use words more frequently and accurately
What is bootstrapping in language development?
An initial stage where children recognize syntactic categories
What is the change in entropy of a decomposition reaction? Boiling reaction?
Positive ∆S
What is the difference between interpolation and extrapolation?
In interpolation the value estimated falls between two known values, in extrapolation you predict values outside the range of known
What is the range of magnitudes for the vector sum of A and B?
A-B to A+B
What kind of radius of curvature does a lens have that bends light a lot?
A small radius of curvature
What does saponification of esters produce?
A carboxylic acid and an alcohol
Is bicarbonate and acid or a base?
Bicarbonate is a base
What form do all nucleotides prefer to be in?
Keto form
What are the units of force?
N = kgm/s2
What does the carnitine shuttle do?
The carnitine shuttle moves fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for beta oxidation
How many mRNA nucleotides from a chain of X amino acids?
3x + 3 (Stop codon)
What does 2,3 BPG do to hemoglobin affinity for O2?
Increased 2,3 BPG decreases hemoglobin affinity for O2
What is a vaccine?
A less toxic version of bacteria/virus with the same epitope so that the antibody can recognize (want it to elicit an immune response/be immunogenic but not toxic)
How do you measure a transcriptional regulation?
By looking at mRNA (never protein) levels
Which amino acids can be phosphorylated?
S, T, Y can be phosphorylated
What three techniques separate based on size?
Gel filtration (and molecular exclusion) chromatography, electrophoresis mass spectrometry
How do you determine an experiment that would link two results?
Put the results in two separate sentences and see what the important variables are and what’s missing
When is the hepatopancreatic sphincter/sphincter of Oddi relaxed?
When bile and pancreatic juices are being released into the intestine
What forms the blood brain barrier?
Tight junctions between capillaries and endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes
What does the Bose-Einstein Principle state?
A collection of atoms cooled to absolute zero will coalesce into a single quantum state
What functional groups does FAD have?
amides and amines
What is the pressure at a point below the surface of a liquid?
Patm + pgh
In what type of chromatography do you disrupt the binding of a ligand?
Affinity- one ligand binds more strongly
What do you do when a SRS4 question is confusing/ambiguous in wording?
See if there’s an odd man out
Draw a formate ion, carbonate ion, bicarbonate ion, and acetate ion
What should the weight difference of proteins separated by size exclusion chromatography be greater than?
Greater than 1 kDa
What does lipophilic mean?
Lipophilic means able to dissolve in fats/lips/non polar solvents
When you multiple the x axis by the y axis variable what are you trying to find?
Area under the curve so pay attention to shape
What are lymphocytes?
B and T lymphocytes
What creates immune tolerance?
Immune tolerance comes from the body being able to distinguish between self and non-self cells
When is insulin secreted?
When glucose levels are high
When is transformation vs transduction vs conjugation used?
Transformation is used when bacteria get genetic info from the environment, transduction is used when nucleic acids are transfered from viruses to cells, conjuation is when bacteria exchange genetic info between eachother
What does a lack of genetic stability tend to cause?
Cancer as the right mutation will eventually occur
What are the intestinal cells that breakdown disaccharides called?
Enterocytes
Where is emotion shifted to in emotional displacement?
Emotion is shifted to a more acceptable target
What’s a main function of the parietal lobe?
Parietal lobe = integration of sensory information
What does strain theory describe?
Strain theory describes how people react to social constraints to achieving goals (people experience strain when society fails them and this leads to criminal behaviors
Where are ethnographic studies conducted?
Ethnographic studies are conducted in a cultural setting over a long period of time
What type of reinforcement causes fastest acquisition and extinction?
Continous reinforcement
What is low agreeableness?
low agreeableness = antagonism, high agreeableness = empathetic and helpful
What is high conscientiousness?
High conscientiousness = organization, punctuality, dependability
What is high openness?
Curiosity, imagination, unconventional attitudes
Who is cultural transmission between?
Different generations
What vitamin is an antioxidant?
E
What vitamin is involved in clotting?
K
