Lessons 9-11

Question 1

Adaptive

Answer 1

Being able to change in order to fit different situations and environments

Question 2

Evolve

Answer 2

To slowly develop over successive generations into a different state or condition

Question 3

Innate

Answer 3

Inborn or inherited- that is not learned

Question 4

Learned

Answer 4

Abilities of characteristics gained through experience

Question 5

Serviceable behaviors

Answer 5

One that has a purpose. For example, humans may have used biting as an early form of self-defence. In the same way that many animals do, they may have exposed their teeth as a threat signal. But now the behavior does not have the same purpose

Question 6

Principle of actions due to the constitution of the nervous system

Answer 6

Some forms of non-verbal communication are made by our nervous system. Dilated pupils and an open mout are part of a scared facial expression but are also causes by our nervous system

Question 7

How facial expressions help with our survival (pupil dilation)

Answer 7

pupil dilation increases visual information (potentially allowing us to see the best way to avoid danger)

Question 8

How facial expressions help with our survival (open mouth)

Answer 8

Increases oxygen supply, allowing us to move away from a threat faster

Question 9

:) Eval of darwin’s claims

Answer 9

Research to support Darwin’s claims. Medical evidence supports the idea that the function of our nervous system causes certain actions, such as pupil dialation. This increases the validity of the theory.

Question 10

:( eval o f darwin

Answer 10

Some behaviors are both innate and learnt. We are born with the ability to cry but these behaviors can happen spontaneously. This reduces the validity of the theory.

Question 11

Is non-verbal behaviour innate?

Answer 11

Darwin believed that facial expressions are the same in all cultures and are therefore innate and not learned. Some research also suggests that the 6 universal facial expressions are recognized by most cultures

Question 12

Neonates

Answer 12

A newborn baby

Question 13

Emotion expression in neonates

Answer 13

The younger a baby is, the less likely it is that they have learned them by observing others- this supports the idea that its nature

Question 14

Sighted and blind athletes research

Answer 14

Researchers used 4800 photos of sighted and blind athletes and found that they both expressed emotions in similar ways. This suggests that facial expressions are nature

Question 15

True smile

Answer 15

Causes the eyes to narrow and the cheeks to rise

Question 16

Social smile

Answer 16

Uses the mouth muscles

Question 17

Yukis emoticon study study

Answer 17

To investigate if culture affects how facial cues are used when understanding other peoples emotions

Question 18

Yukis emoticons study: design

Answer 18

A questionnaire with standard questions, and a rating scale of 1 to 9. Participants were American and Japanese students.

Question 19

Yukis emoticons study: method

Answer 19

Yuki showed participants emoticons with 6 different combinations of eyes and mouths. The eyes and mouths were happy neutral or sad. Participants were asked to rate how happy they though each face was.

Question 20

Yukis emoticons study: results

Answer 20

The Japanese students gave the highest ratings to the faces with happy eyes and the lowest ratings to the faces with the sad eyes. The american students gave the highest ratings to the faces with happy mouths and the lowest ratings to the faces with the sad mouths. This suggests that Japanese and American people give more weight to different parts of the face when interpreting emotion. The Japanese focus more on the eyes, while Americans focus more on the mouth. This may lead to a difference in their understanding of social expressions.

Question 21

Yukis emoticons study: conclusion

Answer 21

Yuki concluded that people learn their own cultures norms for the expression and interpretation of emotions.