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Psychology > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

At 3 weeks

A

The brain begins to develop. multiplying cells form a structure called the neural plate. This folds over onto itself to form a tube structure called the neural tube

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2
Q

During the 4th week

A 
The neural tube divides into the:
Spinal cord
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
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3
Q

During the 6th week

A

The forebrain divides into two areas:
The cortex
The thalamus
Neurons and synapses begin to develop in the spinal cord which allows the fetus to move around

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4
Q

By the 15th week

A

The cerebellum has formed from the hindbrain

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5
Q

By 6 months

A

The brain is fully formed but not full sized yet

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6
Q

During the last 3 months

A

Folds begin to form the cortex

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7
Q

At birth the brain is

A

25% its adults size

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8
Q

Brain stem

A

The brain stem connects the spinal cord to the brain. It controls basic autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure & sleeping.

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

The centre of the brain. its the sensory processing station. It receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate behavioral responses. All sensory information passes through the thalamus on its way to the cortex.

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located at the back of the brain behind the brain stem. It controls movement & balance and receives information from the cortex and other areas to fine tune motor activity like walking.

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11
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of the brain. It is responsible for higher cognitive processes and is divided into four lobes.

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12
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Responsible for cognitive processes such as thinking, planning and problem solving

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13
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Processes information related to touch on the skin (hot/cold/pain)

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14
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Involved in processing auditory information

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15
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Involved in processing visual information

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16
Q

MZ

A

Identical twins

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17
Q

DZ

A

Non identical twins

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18
Q

Nature

A

The idea that we inherit our characteristics and behaviors through genes

19
Q

Nurture

A

The idea that wereceive our behavior and characteristics from the environment

20
Q

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

He believed that schemes were the key to how children developed as they grew up. He believed that there are four stages to a child’s intellectual development. He said children pass through these stages in the same order and at the same age.

21
Q

Schemas

A

Blocks of knowledge that develop in response to our experience of the world. He believed that babies has simple schemas for sucking and grasping and as the baby grows, more complex ones develop

22
Q

Assimilation

A

Occurs when new information is added to an existing schema e.g babies will use the sucking schema with fingers and other objects they put in their mouth

23
Q

Accommodation

A

The schema has to be modified to adapt to a new solution, hence a new schema is formed (e.g the grasping schema has to be changed to deal with objects of different shapes)

24
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

0-2

Children develop object permanence which is knowing that objects still exist even when they are out of sight

25
Q

How was sensorimotor stage investigated

A

Piaget gave the child a toy and then covered the toy with a blanket. Children under 8 months did not search for the toy but children 8+ did search

26
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

2-7

Egocentric which means not being able to see things from other peoples point of view

27
Q

How was pre-operational investigated

A

The three mountain experiment. He placed a doll somewhere beside the model and then shows children photos of each side of the model. The children has to pick the photo showing the view the doll could see. Children under 7 chose the photo that matched their own view

28
Q

Concrete stage

A

7-11

Conserve which is knowing that the amount of something stays the same even if its appearance changes

29
Q

How was concrete stage investigated

A

Piaget showed children two identical rows of counters then asked them if there was the same amount. He then spread the counters of one row out and asked the children again. Children under 7 said there were more counters in the spread out row

30
Q

Formal operation stage

A

11+

Systematic problem solving

31
Q

How was formal-operational investigated

A

Children were given different lengths of string and weights that could be attached. The children had to find out what factors affected how fast the pendulum could swing. Children after the age of 11 would try and solve the problem systematically.

32
Q

Evaluation of piaget

A

:( Other psychologists have shown that the ages of piagets stages are wrong
————
:( The way he collected data. He used his own children and small samples that are unrepresentative of most children. Questions were not standardized
———-
:) Major impact on education where his ideas are still used today. his methods were new and fun and are simple to replicate

33
Q

The roles of piagets theory in education

A

Children need to be able to explore and discover situations for themselves. Children should be taught in a self-centered way. Teaching materials for science and maths should include actual objects for children to explore.

34
Q

Fixed mindset

A

Students believe their intelligence is unchanging. It is genetic and there is nothing you can do to change it.

35
Q

Growth mindset

A

Students believe their intelligence comes from hard work and that it can be increased over time by putting in effort to their learning

36
Q

Problem solving

A

Fixed mindset: Give up very quickly

Growth mindset: Keep trying

37
Q

Person praise

A

The student is praised for their intelligence

38
Q

Process praise

A

The student is praised for their effort and the processes they use in completing the task

39
Q

Self efficacy

A

The belief in your own ability to succeed in a task. Students with strong self efficacy put in effort to achieve goals. Students with low self efficacy believe they will not be successful so they are unlikely to try

40
Q

Visual learners

A

Seeing things

41
Q

Auditory learners

A

Hearing things

42
Q

Kinesthetic learners

A

Doing things

43
Q

Willingham’s learning theory

A

He disagrees that students learn best depending on their preferred learning style. He says there is no experimental evidence to support their existence.

44
Q

Willingham believes that students should be taught using

A

The best method for the content being taught (in biology, all students need to see diagrams & in french lessons all students need to hear how words are pronounced)

Psychology (10 decks)

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