Lesson 9: LTM/Encoding and Retrieval Flashcards
Memory
Capacity for storing and retrieving information
Memory Stages
Encoding (processing/acquiring information), Storage (storing/maintaining information), Retrieval (retrieving/recalling information
Retrieval
Process of transferring information from LTM back into working memory (consciousness)
Transfer Appropriate Processing
Matching conditions between encoding and retrieving (match cognitive task)
- Improves retrieval
- Morris experiment: Meaning and rhyming task
Encoding Specificity
Match the environment you will be retrieving in to the environment you encode in
State-Dependent Learning
Match internal state that you encode in to the internal state that you will be retrieving in (mood, hungry, tired)
Fragility of New Memories
Retrograde Amnesia
Graded Amnesia: memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote/older memories
Consolidation and Sleep
Reactivation process strong during sleep as it transforms new memories from fragile to permanent
-Napping after class (>30 mins) more retained than contents followed by waking
Rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal: repeatedly seeing/saying someone, mainly keeps in STM
Elaborative Rehearsal: think about the meaning an make connections to what you already know, mainly keeps in LTM
- Improves Storage
Levels of processing
Shallow: Structural, Little attention to meaning, poor memory focus on physical features
Intermediate: Phonemic, Emphasizes what a word sounds like
Deep: Semantic, Close attention to meaning, better memory
Ways for Deeper LOP
1) Organization and categorization - Easier to remember group of names, more context beforehand allows you to do better.
2) Complex Sentences - more details = vivid = easier to remember
3) Visual Imagery - increases recall
4) Mnemonics - PEMDAS
5) Personal Connection - connect to something meaningful to you
6) Generation - generating material yourself instead of rereading (blank outline)
7) Testing Effect - take a practice exam = better long-term retention - delayed feedback helps more than immediate
8) Distributed Practice (spacing effect) - study in chunks of 20-30 minutes to allow brain to process
Imagery to Improve Memory - Method of Loci
Placing images at locations and visualizing items to be remembered in different location in a mental image of a spatial layout
Imagery to Improve Memory - Associating Images with Words
Pegword technique: pair each thing to be remembered with a pegword and make a vivid image of things to be remembered with the object presented by the word
Laptop Use
Not always used for note taking which decreases academic performance
- Multitasking decreases exam scores in all aspects, but more for those of peers viewing those that are multitasking
Verbatim Notes
BADDD!!!! Elaborative rehearsal is better
