Lesson 9: LTM/Encoding and Retrieval

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Capacity for storing and retrieving information

Question 2

Memory Stages

Answer 2

Encoding (processing/acquiring information), Storage (storing/maintaining information), Retrieval (retrieving/recalling information

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

Process of transferring information from LTM back into working memory (consciousness)

Question 4

Transfer Appropriate Processing

Answer 4

Matching conditions between encoding and retrieving (match cognitive task)
- Improves retrieval
- Morris experiment: Meaning and rhyming task

Question 5

Encoding Specificity

Answer 5

Match the environment you will be retrieving in to the environment you encode in

Question 6

State-Dependent Learning

Answer 6

Match internal state that you encode in to the internal state that you will be retrieving in (mood, hungry, tired)

Question 7

Fragility of New Memories

Answer 7

Retrograde Amnesia
Graded Amnesia: memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote/older memories

Question 8

Consolidation and Sleep

Answer 8

Reactivation process strong during sleep as it transforms new memories from fragile to permanent
-Napping after class (>30 mins) more retained than contents followed by waking

Question 9

Rehearsal

Answer 9

Maintenance rehearsal: repeatedly seeing/saying someone, mainly keeps in STM
Elaborative Rehearsal: think about the meaning an make connections to what you already know, mainly keeps in LTM
- Improves Storage

Question 10

Levels of processing

Answer 10

Shallow: Structural, Little attention to meaning, poor memory focus on physical features
Intermediate: Phonemic, Emphasizes what a word sounds like
Deep: Semantic, Close attention to meaning, better memory

Question 11

Ways for Deeper LOP

Answer 11

1) Organization and categorization - Easier to remember group of names, more context beforehand allows you to do better.
2) Complex Sentences - more details = vivid = easier to remember
3) Visual Imagery - increases recall
4) Mnemonics - PEMDAS
5) Personal Connection - connect to something meaningful to you
6) Generation - generating material yourself instead of rereading (blank outline)
7) Testing Effect - take a practice exam = better long-term retention - delayed feedback helps more than immediate
8) Distributed Practice (spacing effect) - study in chunks of 20-30 minutes to allow brain to process

Question 12

Imagery to Improve Memory - Method of Loci

Answer 12

Placing images at locations and visualizing items to be remembered in different location in a mental image of a spatial layout

Question 13

Imagery to Improve Memory - Associating Images with Words

Answer 13

Pegword technique: pair each thing to be remembered with a pegword and make a vivid image of things to be remembered with the object presented by the word

Question 14

Laptop Use

Answer 14

Not always used for note taking which decreases academic performance
- Multitasking decreases exam scores in all aspects, but more for those of peers viewing those that are multitasking

Question 15

Verbatim Notes

Answer 15

BADDD!!!! Elaborative rehearsal is better

Question 16

Personal Memory Predictions

Answer 16

We are bad at predicting how good our memory will be