Lesson 11: Attention Flashcards
Inattentional (Change) Blindness
Occurs when a stimulus is not attended and therefore is not perceived, even if you look directly at it (does not go into LTM)
Mack and ROck (1998)
Indicate which arm was longer, and then asked what shape they saw and reported not seeing a shape
Cocktail Party Phenomenon/Cherry’s Shadowing Experiments
Dichotic Listening: simultaneously listening got 2 streams of audio
Shadowing: repeating out loud one of the messages
- Can sense physical and sensory changes (language/music/gender), but not semantic changes (change of language, playing message backward)
-Subjects can notice their name and shadow meaningful messages that switch ears
Broadbent’s Filter Theory
Messages→→Sensory Memory→→Filter (Attended message remains)→Detector→Memory
Early Selection Theory
Inputs(senses)→Perceptual analyses (filter)→Semantic Encoding→Executive Functions→Output
- makes the least sense
Treisman’s Leaky Filter
Unattended info can break through and be perceived if they are high enough priority. Unattended channel is only degraded or attenuated.
Attenuating (Leaky) Filter
Inputs→→Perceptual Analysis→→Semantic Encoding→Executive functions→Output
MacKay’s Late Selection THeory
Only at the output/conscious experience where the consciousness happens
Late Selection Theory
Inputs→→Perceptual Analysis→→Semantic Encoding→→Executive functions→Output
Processing Cap and Limits
We select what we want to attend to and if our attention is divided b/w 2+ things = poor perception
Stroop Task
Naming the color of the writing out loud
- Word nae interferes with task ability because reading of the words is automatic and uses attentional resources
Attentional Blink Paradigm
Single vs Dual task
- Better at dual tasks when there is a larger T1-T2 lag
-Attentional resources are used up by processing the 1st target and causing a “blink” for the 2nd target
Inattentional Deafness
Super focused on auditory things you can miss visual things and vice versa
Overt Attention
The focus of attention follows the gaze of the eye
Covert Attention
The focus of attention in the peripheral vision (not dependent on gaze)
Eye Tracking (usually covert)
Illuminates eyeball with light and can see pupil and corneal reflection. Pupil moves as you look around screen and corneal reflection stays still.
Eye Tracker Calibration
Tell them to look at target and take note of pupil and corneal reflection, then calculate
Eye Trackers
Get information on where the subject is paying attention and what areas are of the most interest (able to see what captures people’s attention the most on websites)
Saccades
Movement of Eyes provided by eye tracking
Fixations
When your eyes stop on something (tells durations)
Covert Attention (Hermann von Helmholtz)
Pay attention to certain areas on screen even when you’re not looking at it
Posner Paradigm
Valid: most accurate and faster reaction time (arrow points to target)
Invalid: least accurate and slower reaction time (arrow points opposite target)
Neutral: neutral
Benefit of Attention
If attention already there, you benefit and respond quickly/accurately/increased visual processing (Endogenous). Quicker to valid.
Cost of Attention
Having to move attention over costs you more accuracy/time (Exogenous). QuicSlowerker to invalid.
Endogenous/Voluntary Attention
- Goal driven/effortful
- Tested with a central symbolic cue (arrow)
- Long-lasting
- Can be directed covertly or overtly
ERP Effects of Endogenous Attention
Stronger neural response for things you pay attention to
Divided Attention
Amount of visual processing modulated with how much attention you pay
- More direction towards target, amplitude for ERPS increased at P1 and N1
Exogenous/Reflexive Capture of Attention
- Automatic
- Can be tested with a peripheral cue (sudden onset/physically salient clue)
- Expires quickly
-Can be directed covertly or overtly
Inhibition of Return (Exogenous)
Same pattern of behavioral and ERP results exist with exogenous attention as with voluntary until after the first 300 ms where the processing of invalid stimulus is not enhanced (fast rxn time, better accuracy than valid cue)
Hopfinger and Mangun
Found IOR for ERP’s with increased P1 for longer times at invalid cue
Distracters
Same color distracters and different color target = same reaction time with more distracters
Distracters same color as target = more reaction time with more distracters
Valid Search
Salient features pop out (average time it takes the subject to respond when the target was present is not affected nu how many distracted are in the display)
Valid Search
Salient features pop out (average time it takes the subject to respond when the target was present is not affected by how many distracted are in the display)
Saliency Maps
Certain salient features direct your attention and keep it)
Meaningful Items Affecting Reflexive Attention
Faces, ACS, Schemas + Semantic Consistency, Memory + Familiarity, Addictive Stimuli
Autism vs Normal
Things like faces don’t directly capture what autistic people see
- Normal people see faces and also are captured by what’s drawing the faces attention
Inattentional Blindness Study + Faces
When asked to see which arm is longer, intentional blindness decreased with faces
Joint Study
Valid trials had a decreased reaction time and invalid trials increased reaction time
Attentional Control Settings
Like when you search for someone in red, everything in red pops out
Schemas and Semantic Consistency
Semantically inconsistent objects did not capture attention immediately but held it longer
- Saccades: look everywhere
- Fixation: fixate on inconsistent objects
Working Memory and Attention
Look at face and hold it in WM and then 2 face cues popped up and 1 matches target is valid and invalid and decide whether it matched or not
- Findings: Increased RT when target appeared where image was in WM, object drew in attention
LTM and Attention
If something grabs your attention, processing of information at the same location will be enhanced
Memory and Attention
Things you’re familiar with capture/hold your attention initially and longer
Attentional Bias in Addiction
There is an attentional bias toward your stimulus of choice
Unilateral Neglect Syndrome
Patient fails to acknowledge objects/events exist in the hemispace opposite lesion (usually in right so you neglect left side of space)
- common after stroke
(even in memory)
