Lesson 4: Perception

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses

Question 2

Perceptual Process

Answer 2

Environmental stimulus, stimulus on receptors, transduction, processing, perception, recognition, action (repeat)

Question 3

Sensation Vs. Perception

Answer 3

• Perception changes based on what you consciously perceive
• Sensation remains the same while perceiving different things

Question 4

The Dress

Answer 4

Color differs based on past experiences and bias
- White + Gold = Natural lighting (Morning owl)
- Black + Blue: internal lighting as you subtract red light from image (Night owls)

Question 5

Top Down Processing

Answer 5

• Previous experience/knowledge plays a role in how you recognize and perceive things
• Multiple personalities of a Blob (same retinal image, different perception)

Question 6

Recognizing things when they’re different

Answer 6

Don’t solely use basic features to perceive things: Recognize things when they’re ambiguous, blurred, or distorted, or from various viewpoints (Viewpoint invariance)

Question 7

Inverse Projection Problem

Answer 7

An image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects

Question 8

Speech Segmentation (Top-down)

Answer 8

• Statistical learning about characteristics of languages begins at 8 months old
• Kids were given segment fake words and only recognized the novel words within the segment of fake words

Question 9

Pain Management (Top-down)

Answer 9

• Nocebo effect: Pain goes up after told pain medications stopped even though they didn’t
  Endorphins: Endogenous opioids inhibit neurons sending pain signal = tells brain no pain (distraction, sex, laughing, exercise)

Question 10

1. Helmholtz’s Unconscious Inference

Answer 10

Likelihood Principle: Assumptions happening rapidly and quickly based on our previous experiences

Question 11

3. Considering Environmental Regularities

Answer 11

Physical: More vertical/horizontal lines in environment, object ocluded comes out other side, light from above assumption
Semantic: Meaning of a scene, schema (knowledge of what belongs in a scene) (multiple personalities of a blob)

Question 12

4. Bayesian Inference

Answer 12

One’s estimate of probability of an outcome influence by:
1. Prior probability (initial belief)
2. Likelihood of an outcome (based on current evidence)

Question 13

2. gestalt Principles of Organization

Answer 13

• Innate
• Law of Good Continuation: Continue contours when elements of pattern established an implied direction
• Law of Simplicity: Forms with he most simplicity, regularity, and ease of remembrance most easily understood. Logic. Group objects with similar properties.
• Law of Proximity: Close objects are not seen as separate but part of a whole
• Law of Common Fate: Group objects that move in the same direction
• Principle of Common Region: Elements within the same region of space are grouped together

Question 14

FFA

Answer 14

Can respond to faces and things we are visual expertise’s at like a Jeweler with jewelry

Question 15

Penfield’s Neurosurgery

Answer 15

Study of living reacting brains. Temporal lobe epilepsy.

Question 16

Cortical plasticity

Answer 16

Bigger space on homunculus for thigns that we use often.
- Brain forms new neural connections based on what we experience more and less
- Like left hands for stringed instrument player would be bigger on map than noninstrument players.
- Phantom limb sensation because spot on brian gets taken over by whatever is next to it, so you get touched on genital and think you feel your feet

Question 17

What (Ventral/Temporal) and Where (Dorsal/Parietal) Pathways

Answer 17

Process information in our environment

Question 18

Monkey task

Answer 18

Object Discrimination (what): Could not determine what shapes were but knew where they were
Landmark Discrimination (where): Could not determine where shapes were but knew what they were

Question 19

Patient DF

Answer 19

Agnosia (Anoxia - No O2 b/c CO poisoning)
- Could not identify objects or people unless it was put in her hand or they spoke
- Cannot describe orientation (Cannot do where but can do what)
- Cannot draw objects but can interact with them if she’s holding or on them
- temporal damage

Question 20

Visual Agnosia (Where pathway)

Answer 20

See items but cannot identify what they are unless you hold them

Question 21

Double Dissociation

Answer 21

Visual agnosia versus optic ataxia

Question 22

Patient RV

Answer 22

-Bilateral parietal damage
- Could not grasp objects but could copy objects