lesson 9 - circulatory disorders

Question 1

What is arteriosclerosis?

Answer 1

A disorder where the walls of the arteries thicken and lose their elasticity, restricting their ability to expand and contract which leads to reduced blood flow and increased risk of high blood pressure.
(narrow artery -> increased blood pressure)

Question 2

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 2

A type of arteriosclerosis where fats, cholesterol and other substances buildup in and on the artery walls - called plaque. This causes arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow.

Question 3

Symptoms of arteriosclerosis

Answer 3

Angina (chest pain), blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack or heart failure

Question 4

Prevention of arteriosclerosis

Answer 4

Not smoking, eating healthy, and being physically active

Question 5

Treatments of arteriosclerosis

Answer 5

Aspirin, urokinase, t-PA (for the clotting), angioplasty (where a small balloon that is inserted through the artery and expands to widen the opening and increase the blood flow to the heart again), and coronary bypass (when a section of healthy artery from a different place of the body is utilised for rerouting/creating a different pathway for blood to pass around the blocked vessels)

Question 6

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 6

A bulge in an artery due to a weakened area of the arterial wall that usually occur in the aorta. High blood pressure can cause the aneurysm to grow larger and if it bursts, internal bleeding can be fatal.

Question 7

Treatment for an aneurysm

Answer 7

Surgery to remove the damaged portion, or replacement with a patch/graft made of synthetic material

Question 8

Heart valve diseases - Regurgitation: what is it?

Answer 8

when a valve does not close completely and blood flows backward instead of forward

Question 9

Heart valve diseases - Stenosis: what is it?

Answer 9

when the valve opening becomes narrowed from thickening or scarring, preventing blood flow

Question 10

Heart valve diseases - Mitral valve prolapse (MVP): what is it?

Answer 10

when one or both of the bicuspid valve flaps bulges back into the atrium, preventing a tight seal

Question 11

Causes of heart valve diseases

Answer 11

ageing, previous heart attack, or infection

Question 12

Treatment of heart valve diseases

Answer 12

Heart valve replacement with a human, animal, metal, plastic, or synthetic alternative

Question 13

What is arrhythmia?

Answer 13

Arrhythmia is when there’s a problem with the speed or rhythm of one’s heartbeat which can lead to insufficient blood flow to the brain or other organs.

Question 14

Treatment for arrhythmia

Answer 14

Medications or surgery to implant an artificial pacemaker

Question 15

What is congenital heart disease?

Answer 15

One or more problems with the heart structure that are present at birth that include problems in the walls dividing the heart chambers, in the valves, or in the structure of heart blood vessels.

Question 16

How are congenital heart defects diagnosed?

Answer 16

CT or MRI scans

Question 17

How are congenital heart defects treated?

Answer 17

Surgeons can often successfully repair or reduce damage

Question 18

What is ischemic stroke?

Answer 18

occurs when a clot in a blood vessel blocks the flow of blood to the brain

Question 18

What is hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 18

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and blood flows into the surrounding brain tissue

Question 19

What is something both types of strokes have in common?

Answer 19

Both kill brain cells and lead to permanent damage

Question 20

Treatments for strokes

Answer 20

Clot-busters, surgery, non-surgical procedures. Treatment must be started immediately to be effective.

Question 21

What are some symptoms of strokes?

Answer 21

sudden numbness or weakness in the face/arm/leg (especially on one side of the face) sudden confusion, trouble speaking, difficulty understanding speech, sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes, trouble walking, loss of balance

Question 22

What are some symptoms of arrhythmia

Answer 22

Fatigue, weakness, dizziness, fainting or near-fainting, rapid heartbeat, pounding in the chest, shortness of breath, anxiety

Question 23

What are some symptoms of anemia

Answer 23

dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, headaches, cold extremities

Question 24

What is the cause of anemia

Answer 24

By blood loss, or when the red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin to carry the body’s required amount of oxygen

Question 25

Treatment of anemia

Answer 25

dietary supplements

Question 26

What is hemophilia?

Answer 26

An inherited disorder where blood is missing clotting proteins such as factor VIII so it doesn’t clot properly

Question 27

What are some symptoms of hemophilia?

Answer 27

Blood in urine or stool, nosebleeds without a cause, pain/swelling/tightness in jaws, unusual bleeding, large/deep bruises, excessive bleeding from cuts of injuries

Question 28

Treatments for hemophilia

Answer 28

Treatment includes factor VIII injections + lifestyle changes to avoid injuries

Question 29

What is leukemia?

Answer 29

A cancer of the white blood cells

Question 30

What is Myeloid leukemia?

Answer 30

when too many immature leukocytes aren’t able to fight infection

Question 31

What is Lymphoid leukemia?

Answer 31

when too many lymphocytes are unable to perform their immunity role

Question 32

General symptoms of leukemia

Answer 32

decreased immunity, anemia, and fatigue

Question 33

__ leukemia can go undetected for years because of no symptoms

Answer 33

chronic

Question 34

__ leukemia has death following quickly after

Answer 34

acute

Question 35

Treatments for leukemia

Answer 35

Includes blood transfusions, chemotherapy, or bone marrow transplant

Question 36

What are xenotransplants?

Answer 36

To increase the supply of organs for transplants, organs of non-human, compatible species are used (ex. animals). This is called a xenotransplant and the organ being used is called a graft.

Question 37

What is nanotechnology?

Answer 37

the use of microscopic structures to detect changes in cells and molecules; any molecule that points to the development of a disease is called a biomarker