lesson 2 - digestive system organ functions

Question 1

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 1

Passageway of the digestive system that goes from the mouth to the anus

Question 2

What do salivary glands do?

Answer 2

Create saliva, which moistens food so that it can move more easily through the esophagus and into the stomach.

Question 3

Three sets of glands that secrete saliva

Answer 3

1. Parotid (in front of ears)
2. Sublingual (under and near the sides of the tongue)
3. Submaxillary (near the rear of the jaw bone)

Question 4

The _ has tastebuds to recognise different flavours, and also moves food around when masticating (chewing)

Answer 4

tongue

Question 5

What happens when salivary glands produce saliva

Answer 5

Because saliva contains salivary amylase, the enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion and is a form of chemical digestion (remember that THE MOUTH is where carb. digestion begins)

Question 6

Canine teeth are

Answer 6

used for tearing

Question 7

Molar teeth are

Answer 7

used for crushing

Question 8

Premolar teeth are

Answer 8

for grinding

Question 9

Incisor teeth are

Answer 9

for cutting

Question 10

What is a bolus

Answer 10

A lump mixture of food and saliva that forms during mastication

Question 11

What is the role of the esophageal sphincter regarding the bolus

Answer 11

It opens up to allow the bolus to enter the stomach

Question 12

What is the epiglottis?

Answer 12

A flap of tissue that covers the trachea and forces food to go in the esophagus

Question 13

Why is the esophageal sphincter usually closed?

Answer 13

It prevents stomach acids from regurgitating back into the esophagus

Question 14

A muscular J-shaped organ in which food is temporarily stored until one of the two forms of digestion take place

Answer 14

The stomach

Question 15

Where is the stomach placed

Answer 15

Upper left side of the abdominal cavity

Question 16

A stomach is compared to an accordion, why is this so?

Answer 16

The stomach has folds called rugae, which allows expansion after the consumption of food/liquids. The expansion increases the volume of the stomach and increases surface area, allowing the stomach to absorb nutrients more quickly.

Question 17

…is an activated form of the enzyme

Answer 17

pepsin

Question 18

pepsinogen is..

Answer 18

an inactive form of the enzyme

Question 19

What is chyme?

Answer 19

The action of gastric juice and the churning of food in the stomach converting bolus into a semi-digested food: chyme

Question 20

The three layers of the stomach wall include

Answer 20

Longitudinal, circular, oblique muscles. They help mix and break the food contents into a suspension of nutrients called chyme and propels it down into the duodenum

Question 21

What does the pyloric sphincter do, and where is it located?

Answer 21

The pyloric sphincter is located at the end of the stomach, separating it from the small intestine. It regulates the movement of chyme into the small intestine

Question 22

What protects the stomach from damage?

Answer 22

A layer of mucus secreted by cells lining the stomach

Question 23

What do chief cells do?

Answer 23

Secrete pepsinogen

Question 24

What do mucus cells do?

Answer 24

Secrete mucus

Question 25

What do parietal cells do?

Answer 25

Secrete gastric juice

Question 26

What is the duodenum?

Answer 26

The first section of the small intestine (located between the stomach and the middle of the small intestine, aka the jejenum)
After foods mix with stomach acid, they move into the duodenum and mix with bile from the gallbladder as well as digestive juices from the pancreas

Question 27

What is the jejunum?

Answer 27

The jejunum is where chemical digestion ends. It is around 2.5 metres long. Most digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in the jejunum, as it breaks down the remaining proteins and carbohydrates.

Question 28

What is the ileum?

Answer 28

The ileum is the last and longest stop of the small intestine. It is 3 metres long and contains fewer and smaller villi as compared to the duodenum and jejunum

Question 29

The __ secretes one litre of __tic fluid and is released into the duodenum everyday to digest the macromolecules/nutrients

Answer 29

Pancrea, pancreatic fluid

Question 30

Why is the fluid from the pancreas important?

Answer 30

It contains bicarbonates and neutralises the acidic pH of chyme from the stomach

Question 31

What’s the largest internal organ?

Answer 31

The liver

Question 32

Importance of the liver

Answer 32

It produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. The liver also helps break down old RBC’s (red blood cells)

Question 33

Billy has hepatic steatosis. Without any research, what can you tell about the naming of this disease?

Answer 33

It has to do with the liver, because hepato/hepatic refers to the liver

Question 34

What is emulsification and what do bile salts during this process?

Answer 34

Emulsification is the physical breakdown of larger lipids into smaller fat droplets, which is done with the help of bile salts
(a way to remember is soap, as it helps break down grease on a greasy plate. similarily, bile salts break apart the larger lipids into smaller units)

Question 35

Which hormone plays a part in the flow of bile into the small intestine?

Answer 35

Secretin

Question 36

What is bile made up of?

Answer 36

Mainly water, but also bile salts, cholestoral, certain fats (ex. ecithin) and bile pigments

Question 37

What is the most important bile pigment and when is it made?

Answer 37

Bilirubin is made when red blood cells are broken down in the liver. It is also what makes urine yellow and stool brown

Question 38

Digestion converts starch into

Answer 38

glucose

Question 39

Digestion converts proteins into

Answer 39

amino acids

Question 40

Digestion converts lipids into

Answer 40

fatty acids & glycerol

Question 41

What are villi?

Answer 41

Finger-like projections that are richly supplied with blood vessels. They’re found in the inner lining of the small intestine and absorb nutrients from the food consumed and transfer it into the bloodstream. They also increase the surface area for food absorption