Lesson 9: Blood and Blood Vessels Flashcards
what are blood vessels? what does it allow for?
expansive network of tubes in the body designed to TRANSPORT BLOOD TO AND FROM THE BODY AND LUNGS
- allows for transport of materials (co2, nutrients, etc) to and from every cell in the body
what are arteries? what does it do?
a blood vessel that carries BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART towards the body tissues
- arteries are mostly carrying oxygenated blood
what is the one exception to the rule that arteries carries oxygenated blood?
pulmonary arteries: it carries deoxygenated blood from right atrium to the lungs
what is the largest artery in the body?
the aorta
how many layers of tissues make up the walls of arteries? what are these tissues?
3 layers of tissues
- outer layer of connective tissue
- middle layer of smooth muscle
- inner layer of epithelial cells
what are you feeling when you feel your pulse?
blood being forced through your arteries due to the contraction of your heart
what are arterioles? what do they do? what do they do this for
as arteries branch off, they get smaller and smaller along the way- these smaller vessels are arterioles
- these vessels can open (vasodilate) or close (vasoconstrict) to control your internal body temperature
what are capillaries? what do they do and where are they located?
when an arteriole reaches the body tissue, it branches into the smallest vessel called capillaries
- capillaries connect the arteries with the veins
- these vessels provide oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body
- found in networks called capillaries beds
what do capillaries do/facilitate?
capillaries facilitate the exchange of wastes, nutrients, gases, and hormones between the blood and the body cells
what are venules? what do they do?
venules are small vessels which connects to larger vessels called veins
- venules carry wastes and carbon dioxide back to the heart and lungs where it can be expelled
what do veins do?
veins almost always carry deoxygenated blood away from the tissues and towards the heart
what is the exception of veins (in terms of carrying deoxygenated blood away from tissues and towards heart)
pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated blood away from lungs and towards the heart (left atrium)
how many layers do veins have?
3, just like arteries- they have thinner layer of muscle and a wider opening though
difference between arteries and veins
ARTERIES:
- arteries have thicker and stretchier muscular walls; this is so they can handle the high pressure of blood moving through them and transporting the blood to all body tissues
- arteries have a much more narrow lumen; this is the inside space in the tubular structure
VEINS:
- veins are thinner and less stretchy; for this reason, veins can carry a larger volume of blood in comparison to arteries
- veins have a more broad lumen which allows for them to handle larger volumes of blood
what is blood and what is its function?
blood is the fluid that circulates throughout our blood vessels
- its function is to act as the fluid in our body’s transport system, along with other functions
what are red blood cells (called), and what is their function?
called erythrocytes, and are a biconcave disk shaped cell
- main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and co2 from the body back to the lungs
what makes the red blood cell’s shape advantageous?
the shape increases the surface area which allows for more gas exchange
where are red blood cells formed?
formed in stem cells in the marrow of the vertebrate, ribs, breastbone, skull, and arm and leg bones
what are white blood cells (called), and what is their function?
called leukocytes, and they are the body’s first line of defense against harmful bacteria, viruses, and organisms
- acts as our bodies security guards
what do white blood cells do when they come across something they want to destroy? what is this process called?
they engulf and destroy the target through a process called PHAGOCYTOSIS
what are platelets (where are they produced), and what is their function?
small cell fragments that are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow
- they are essential in blood clotting
what do platelets do when a blood vessel is broken?
they form a clot so that too much blood is not lost
what is plasma, and what is it made up of? what is its colour?
plasma is a protein rich liquid in which blood cells and platelets are suspended
- made up of water, with many dissolved substances in it including oxygen, proteins, glucose, minerals, etc.
- yellow in colour
what is the composition of blood?
- plasma (55%)
- red blood cells (40-45%)
- white blood cells (0.7-1%)
- platelets (less than 1%)
what are the different blood types?
A, B, AB, O (each has a positive and negative type)
Type B blood
- you have B antigens on your blood cells (antibodies for type A)
Type A blood
- your red blood cells have A antigens on them (your antibodies would atack type B)
Type AB blood
both A and B antigens on blood cells (antibodies for none)
Type O Blood
- has neither kinds of antigen (antibodies for both A and B)
if your red blood cells have the Rh antigens on them, you are….
Rh positive
if your red blood cells do not have the Rh antigens on them, you are….
Rh negative
what is rhesus disease? and when does it occur?
disease that occurs when the immune system of the mother attacks the fetus
OCCURS WHEN:
- the mothers Rh is negative
- the baby Rh is positive
- the mother previously has been exposed to Rh+ blood and developed an immune response to Rh antigen
can Rhesus disease be prevented?
yes, with a transfusion of Harrison’s blood
what is Rh factor?
it is a protein that can be found on the surface of your red blood cells; if you have protein, you are Rh +, and if you don’t, you are Rh -
What’s a CBC?
CBC is a blood count, which essentially estimates the amount of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in a particular volume of blood.
what is the difference between the blood types?
types of antigens on your blood cells and the antibodies it attacks
what are blood substitutes?
there is no official blood substitute as scientists are currently struggling to find some, but an ideal blood substitude would:
- Not induce an antibody reaction in the recipient
- Eliminate or greatly reduce the possibility of transmitting infections
- Be capable of delivering adequate oxygen
- Be readily available, capable of being stored at room temperature, and have a long shelf life
examples of artificial blood?
- hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorcarbon emulsions
- HBOCs may contain human or cow blood
- PFCEs are totally synthetic
what type of blood is known as the universal donor?
type O blood
what type of blood is known as the universal recipient?
type AB blood
