Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit 2 Bio11: Animals Structure and Functions > Lesson 3: Human Digestion > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Human Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what type of digestion do humans have?

A

one way digestion: food goes in one way and comes out another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the GI tract?

A

gastrointestinal tract; its the tube that our food is digested through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the purpose of the GI tract?

A

ingest, digest, absorb, and excrete our food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the types of digestion?

A

chemical and physical; chemical digestion is when food is digested and broken down with chemicals- while physical digestion is when food is physically broken down into smaller pieces and digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does digestion begin? what are the physical and chemical processes where this occurs?

A

in the mouth; it is physically broken down into smaller pieces by your teeth and broken down chemically with your saliva that contains enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what types of teeth are in charge of what while breaking food down?

A

your incisors and canines (usually front teeth) are in charge of tearing and cutting food while your molars are in charge of grinding and crushing foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

difference between canine, molars, and incisors

A
  • incisors are generally the front teeth
  • canines are generally the side front teeth (left and right)
  • molars are generally the teeth at the back of the mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is saliva and what does it help with?

A

saliva is a fluid that helps begin digestion by chemically breaking down foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does saliva contain/what is it made up of?

A
  • it contains an enzyme called amylase, which breaks down complex carbs into disaccharides
  • contains mucus, a lubricant that helps you swallow foods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is produced when food is lubricated and broken down (in the mouth)?

A

bolus, which is a moist ball of food that is ready to get swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is ingestion?

A

the process of taking food into the body by swallowing; injesting nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the general process of ingestion?

A
  1. you swallow, and food is pushed to the back of your mouth
  2. then it is pushed into the pharynx (soft palate is raised to prevent food from entering the nasal passage)
  3. at the same time the epiglottis covers the entrance to the trachea (called glottis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the epiglottis? why does it shift when food is eaten?

A

a flab of skin that shifts to cover the trachea called the glottis; it shifts in order to ensure that there is no food or water entering the windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the esophagus? what does it do?

A

a long muscular tube that allows food to move into the stomach; when food enters, it is stretched, which allows for peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

wave-like muscle contractions made by the esophagus in order to push food downwards into the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is gastroesophageal sphincter? what does this do?

A

a circular like muscle found between the esophagus and the stomach
- it is where/what allows food to enter the stomach (by relaxing the muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when food enters the stomach? how does food exit the stomach?

A
  • it is automatically mixed with gastric juices and acids; when the food and juices mix, it is now called chyme
  • exits the stomach through pyloric sphincter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is chyme exactly?

A

the mixture of broken down food and gastric juices/acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does the stomach acids not damage the stomach itself?

A

there is a thick layer of mucus that prevents acids from harming the walls of the stomach itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the physical and chemical digestions that occur in the stomach?

A

physical:
- stomach muscles churns and physically breaks down food
- digestive enzymes such as pepsin break down proteins, which chemically digests your food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are gastrins? what does it do?

A

hormones that begin the chemical digestion of food; it stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen from glands lining the walls of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is pepsin? what is pepsinogen?

A

pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme
pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is pepsinogen converted into pepsin?

A

the release of hydrochloric acid creates the highly acidic conditions in the stomach which makes pepsinogen convert into pepsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens when pepsinogen is converted into pepsin?

A

once this happens, it breaks down proteins into shorter amino acid chains called peptides

25
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

circular ring of muscle located at the bottom of the stomach

26
Q

how is food moved from the stomach to the small intestine?

A

perastaltic waves propel the chyme towards the small intestine and can be released into it

27
Q

what is the small intestine? what does it digest?

A

where most of the digestion process occurs- it is a long tube that digests lipids, carbs, and proteins

28
Q

what are the sections of the small intestines?

A
  1. duodenum: lots of enzymes are added which initiates further chemical digestion
  2. jejunum: digestion continues and some nutrients are absorbed
  3. ileum: where the rest/most of the nutrients are absorbed
29
Q

what is the small intestine’s structure like?

A

inner surface is folded into many small finger-like projections

30
Q

what are villi and microvilli? what are their functions?

A

finger like projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; they maximize the surface area and absorption- essentially it increases the amount it can absorb

31
Q

how are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?

A

nutrients enter the bloodstream and are absorbed straight through the capillary beds in the villi

32
Q

what are the different ways nutrients can be absorbed in the small intestine?

A

passive transport and active transport

33
Q

what is passive transport? what are examples of passive transport?

A

type of diffusion that follows the concentration gradient- molecules naturally will flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- no ATP energy
- ex: osmosis, dialysis, and even facilitated both use high to low concentration

34
Q

what is facilitated diffusion? what does it involve?

A

it is still considered passive transport- no energy is involved and it follows the concentration gradient (high to low)
- it involves the use of transport proteins (ex: vitamin b and c as they are FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS)

35
Q

what is active transport?

A

transportation that goes against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration instead of high to low); ATP energy is required to do this, as well as transport proteins

36
Q

generally, how do the different types of transportations differ from one another?

A
  • passive transports include no ATP energy, and follow a high to low concentration gradient
  • facilitated diffusion doesn’t use ATP energy and follows the high to low concentration gradient, however uses a protein carrier
  • active transport requires ATP energy, does not follow the high to low concentration gradient (low to high), and includes transport proteins
37
Q

how are the large intestine and small intestine joined together?

A

through the cecum where the appendix is also attached

38
Q

what is the large intestine made up of? what are the different parts?

A

colon: longest part of the intestine
- ascending: going upwards
- transverse: going sideways
- descending: going downwards
- sigmoid colon: last section of the colon before reaching the rectum

39
Q

what is the rectum? what does it do?

A

the last 20 cm of the large intestine
- it holds the feces until it can be eliminated through the anus

40
Q

how is gas produced?

A
  • produced by bacterias in our intestines as they digest parts of foods we cannot; can come from ingesting air while sleeping too
  • consuming foods with high amounts of carbs can lead to increased gas
41
Q

what does abnormal amounts of flatulence mean?

A
  • lactose intolerance: lack of enzymes that breaks down lactose
42
Q

what does the large intestine play a big role in?

A
  • main role is to produce vitamins and properly digest foods
  • important role in the absorption of water, ions, and vitamins
  • there are lots of bacterias in the intestine that also helps with digestion
43
Q

what is the general process of nutrient breakdown by microbes?

A
  1. cellulolytic bacteria breaks cellulose down to sugars
  2. respirators take the sugars and burn them as fuel
  3. food travels through the body and fermentors extract energy from the sugars by converting them into chemicals (alcohol or hydrogen gas), which is then spewed out as waste products
  4. syntrophs then go through the fermentors “trash” and energy is released and absorbed by cells in the digestive tract
44
Q

what is egestion? what materials are excreted?

A

the removal of waste food materials from the body
- execreted materials include cellulose and fiber, as we cannot digest them

45
Q

why is eating fiber and having it in our bodies important?

A

fibers help keep us feeling full and prevents you from overeating

46
Q

how do we know when to excrete these waste materials from the rectum?

A

nerves in the large intestine detect movement of food in the rectum- when its detected, it signals for you to eject the food by pooing

47
Q

generally, the digestive system’s organs complete three main tasks…

A
  1. digestion
  2. absorption
  3. elimination
48
Q

the pancreas produces 3 types of enzymes…

A
  1. amylase: breaks down carbs into simpler sugars
  2. trypsin: breaks down proteins into amino acids
  3. lipase: breaks down fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides
49
Q

why are small intestines really long?

A

to allow more substances and nutrients to be absorbed as possible

50
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that breaks down carbs into simpler carbs

51
Q

duodenum

A

upper section of the small intestine

52
Q

lymphatic vessel

A

transports absorbed fatty acids into the bloodstream

53
Q

anus

A

opening where waste gets eliminated

54
Q

parietal cell

A

produces hydrochloric acid in the stomach

55
Q

bile

A

chemical that specifically breaks up large FAT droplets

56
Q

what is the appendix? where is it and what is its function?

A

the appendix is a small finger shaped pouch that is located between the cecum and the colon; it stores healthy gut bacterias

57
Q

QUESTION: A new diet has all the influencers excited on your social media feed. This diet involves reducing your protein and fat intake, as well as increasing your carbohydrate intake. Based on what you have learned about nutrition, would this diet work to lose weight and give you all the nutrients you need? How do you think your body would react to being on this diet? Explain.

A

weight loss initially because less nutrients being taken in, however since body will convert excess carbohydrates to fat, weight loss is not sustainable.
Since less protein intake as well, you would feel less full. If not enough nutrients overall, you may end up losing muscle mass to compensate for missing amino acids as proteins in muscle break down.

58
Q

what is the cystic duct and what does it do?

A

structure that connects with gallbladder- it transports bile to the stomach

Unit 2 Bio11: Animals Structure and Functions (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions