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BIOL 203 > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

1
Q

how many liters of water does an adult body contain ?

A

40 L

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2
Q

what percentage of water found inside of cells ?

A

2/3

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3
Q

muscle cells and epithelial cells contain what % water ?

A

70-80%

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4
Q

fat cells and bone cells contain what % water

A

20% or less

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5
Q

the water that is not inside of cells is outside of cells (extracellular fluid). what does it contribute to?

A

cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

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6
Q

what does the extracellular fluid include ? (7)

A

lymph, blood, sweat, tears, gastric juices, spinal fluid, fluid between joints

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7
Q

where does water move towards ?

A

the highest concentration of SOLUTES

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8
Q

what is osmosis ?

A

mvmt of water across a membrane towards the side with a larger concentration of solutes

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9
Q

what is a selectively permeable membrane going to do w the same amount of solute on both sides ?

A

if both sides are with equal amount of solute, the tendency for water to move in either direction is the same

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10
Q

what is a selectively permeable membrane going to do if there is a bit more solute on side B - where will the solute flow?

A

the solute cannot flow across the divider (membrane)

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11
Q

what is a selectively permeable membrane going to do if there is a lot more solute on side B - what will happen to the water ?

A

although solute cannot flow across the divider, water can, so the volume of water becomes greater on side B in order for the concentration on side A and B to be equal

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12
Q

what are electrolytes ?

A

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into ions

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13
Q

what is the role of electrolytes ?

A

help to control the volume of water within the fluid compartments

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14
Q

what are cations ?

A

positively charged ions

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15
Q

what are anions ?

A

negatively charged ions

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16
Q

what percentage of blood plasma is water ?

A

92% of blood plasma is water

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17
Q

what is metabolic water ?

A

water that is the byproduct of energy metabolism

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18
Q

how much water is produced by sedentary people

A

300 mL/day

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19
Q

how much water is produced by active people

A

500 mL/day

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20
Q

how does water regulate body temp

A

sweat which evaporates and cools skin and blood at skin surface

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21
Q

what needs to happen for water to be pulled up to the surface ?

A

water molecules at surface must evaporate

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22
Q

what are the 3 factors in % of water in body

A

age, sex, body composition

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23
Q

how does age affect % body water

A

newborn 75% water

elderly 45% water

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24
Q

why does sex and body composition affect % water in body

A

males have less fat, therefore more muscle tissue and more water

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25
Q

how much % water in fat

A

20%

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26
Q

how much % water in muscle

A

75%

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27
Q

everytime the heart contracts, how much blood output goes to the kidneys directly ? why?

A

21% to compensate for water losses

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28
Q

what is cardiac output ?

A

volume of blood pumped into circulation / minute

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29
Q

what does urine travel to the bladder through ?

A

ureter

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30
Q

how much urine produced per minute

A

1 mL

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31
Q

what is the relationship between BP and blood volume

A

increasing blood volume increases BP

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32
Q

kidneys are controlled by which two hormones from which two glands ?

A

ADH (posterior pituitary)

aldosterone (adrenal gland)

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33
Q

what does ADH do ?

A

retains water

therefore retains sodium and excretes potassium

34
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

retains sodium

therefore retains water and excretes potassium

35
Q

what is the main effect of both ADH and aldosterone ?

A

increase BP and blood volume

36
Q

what are three dietary mineral ways to manage BP

A

increase potassium and magnesium intake

reduce salt intake

37
Q

what are DASH diets ?

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

38
Q

what can treat dehydration ?

A

water intake

in some cases electrolytes

39
Q

what is hyponatremia ?

A

low sodium in blood

40
Q

what are three symptoms of hyponatremia ?

A

severe headache, confusion, seizures

41
Q

what is water intoxication ?

A

body water contents too high in all body fluid compartments

it can cause hyponatremia

42
Q

what happen to water flow in hyponatremia ?

A

water leaves interstitial fluid and goes into cells

43
Q

what is the drug that may cause hyponatremia ?

A

MDMA bc it causes dehydration and ppl may drink a lot

44
Q

what is the UL for water

A

none

45
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum total of all the chemical reactions on in living cells

46
Q

what reactions require energy ?

A

anabolic

47
Q

what are anabolic reactions ? (3)

A

glycogen production, TG production,

protein production

48
Q

what is the most energetically expensive organ ? why?

A

kidneys

need 5 cups of blood per minute to make urine

49
Q

what is the main role of kidneys ?

A

convert inactive vitamin D into the active form

50
Q

what is the energy currency of the cell ?

A

ATP

51
Q

what are 3 examples of catabolic reactions ?

A

glycolysis, protein and TG breakdown

52
Q

where are gases and nutrients and waste exhanged between cells and the blood

A

capillaries

53
Q

rank the amount of mitochondria per cell in fat, muscle, and liver

A

muscle> liver> fat

54
Q

what happens with the chemical energy in the C-H bonds of glucose ?

A

ATP 40%

heat lost 60%

55
Q

how is the Na+/K+ pump activated by ATP?

A

it is phosphorylated, and ATP becomes ADP

56
Q

food gives mitochondria fuel to make ATP: true or false

A

true

57
Q

how many kcal/day does the liver require

A

380

58
Q

which fat does the liver make ?

A

VLDL and cholesterol

59
Q

which vitamins is the liver responsible for

A

vit A and D

60
Q

what is the AMDR fat

A

20-35%

61
Q

what is the AMDR protein

A

10-35%

62
Q

what is the AMDR CHO

A

45-65%

63
Q

what are the three ways the energy is used in our body ?

A

thermic effect of food
physical activity
basal metabolism

64
Q

what is the % of our diet that goes to basal metabolism ?

A

50-65%

65
Q

what is basal metabolism ?

A

the energy needed to maintain life when body is at rest

66
Q

how is basal metabolic rate measured ?

A

fasting and resting 12 hrs

67
Q

what does basal metabolic rate not include ?

A

energy spend for physical activity, food digestion, absorption of nutrients

68
Q

rank the following by BMR from high to low : liver, muscle, heart, kidney, brain

A 
liver
brain
muscle
kidney
heart
69
Q

what is the thermic effect of food ?

A

estimation of energy required to process food (digestion, absorption, transport, metabolization)

70
Q

what is the least expensive PA?

A

running

71
Q

can running help cognitive function ?

A

yes

72
Q

what are the 5 factors that influence BMR?

A 
body composition (the higher the muscle/fat ratio, the higher the BMR)
sex (men>women)
BSA (taller people >)
age (growing kids >>)
genes
73
Q

describe the sweat gland maturation ?

A

sweat glands are non function when born

mature over first year

74
Q

who will have more sweat glands : someone in hot or cold environment ?

A

hot

75
Q

when does BMR setting start ?

A

in fetus

76
Q

what is the connection between birth weight and risk of disease ? why

A

low birth weight means higher risk of disease, since in utero these fetuses lowered their BMR to conserve energy

77
Q

what is thrifty gene theory?

A

low birth weight means higher risk of disease, since in utero these fetuses lowered their BMR to conserve energy and then they predict an environment of food scarcity

78
Q

what is epigenetics ?

A

the study of how environment (like nutrients) can affect gene expression

79
Q

what are nutrigenomics ?

A

study how food can affect gene expression

80
Q

what are nutrigenetics ?

A

study how genes influence how nutrients are metabolized

BIOL 203 (11 decks)

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