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BIOL 203 > Lesson 8 > Flashcards

Lesson 8 Flashcards

1
Q

are minerals indestructible

A

YES

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2
Q

which living organism synthesizes minerals?

A

none

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3
Q

what percent of elements are crucial to humans ?

A

25%

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4
Q

how many major and trace minerals are in the elements ?

A

7 major

8 trace

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5
Q

what is a major mineral

A

a mineral that you need >100 mg/day of

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6
Q

what is a trace mineral

A

a mineral that you need <100 mg/day of

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7
Q

are trace minerals less important than major ones ?

A

no just less abundant

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8
Q

what two minerals combine to form the skeleton ?

A

calcium and phosphorus

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9
Q

what is the most abundant trace mineral in the body ?

A

iron

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10
Q

what are 8 main minerals in the body

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron

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11
Q

what is intracellular fluid ?

A

fluid within cells

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12
Q

what percentage of body water does intracellular fluid account for ?

A

66% (2/3)

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13
Q

what is intracellular fluid high in ?

A

potassium and phosphate

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14
Q

what are the two extracellular fluids ?

A

interstitial and intravascular

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15
Q

what is interstitial fluid high in ?

A

sodium and chloride

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16
Q

what are our sources of minerals ?

A

food

water

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17
Q

what are the 7 major minerals ?

A 
Calcium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Sodium 
Sulfur

CCMPPSS

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18
Q

what are the 8 trace minerals ?

A 
Chromium 
Copper
Fluorine
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Selenium
Zinc
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19
Q

what is the daily requirement for major minerals and trace minerals ?

A

major >100 mg/day

trace <100 mg/day

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20
Q

what does it mean to be a trace mineral ?

A

just as important just not as abundant

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21
Q

what are the two main minerals in the body ?

A

calcium and phosphorus

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22
Q

what do calcium and phosphorus combine for in the body ?

A

skeleton

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23
Q

what is the most abundant trace mineral

A

iron

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24
Q

what is a compartment in the body ?

A

gland, bone, body fluid

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25
Q

does tap water have minerals ?

A

yes

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26
Q

what is hard water ?

A

tap water with high concentration of calcium and magnesium

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27
Q

what is soft water ?

A

water treated with sodium or potassium

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28
Q

what makes water harder ?

A

the greater the mineral content

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29
Q

soft water puts you at risk of what ?

A

hypertension

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30
Q

hard water reduces which disease

A

hypertension

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31
Q

what does bioavailability mostly depend on ?

A

physiology, source (some foods have more bioavailability of a certain mineral)

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32
Q

what are binding factors and what do they do to bioavailability

A

binding factors such as oxalates and phytates from plants prevent absorption of calcium, iron, zinc

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33
Q

can presence of other minerals affect bioavailability? which 4?

A

yes

Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu compete

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34
Q

which minerals (4) play a role in energy metabolism w vit B ?

A

iodide
zinc
chromium
iron

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35
Q

which minerals play a role in vision ?

A

none

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36
Q

which mineral aids aa metabolism ?

A

zinc

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37
Q

which mineral aids DNA metabolism ?

A

zinc

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38
Q

which 4 minerals aid vit C and D in bone health ?

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride

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39
Q

which 3 minerals are antioxidants ?

A

zinc, copper, selenium

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40
Q

which 3 minerals aid in growth and development

A

zinc
calcium
iodide

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41
Q

which 3 minerals aid blood health ?

A

iron
zinc
calcium

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42
Q

how much sodium do Canadians eat per day? how much should they eat ?

A

3400 mg

should eat less than 2300 mg

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43
Q

what is the major cause of CVD ?

A

high BP

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44
Q

which 6 diseases can a high sodium diet be a risk factor for

A 
stroke 
kidney disease
CVD
asthma
osteoporosis
stomach cancer
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45
Q

where is most calcium found ?

A

in bone and teeth (99.9%)

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46
Q

what is calcium stored in bones as ?

A

hydroxyapatite cristals

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47
Q

what is the purpose of calcium stored in bones ?

A

partly to act as a reservoir for when blood calcium levels drop

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48
Q

what is the structure of calcium in bone ?

A

stored as hydroxyapatite crystals in collagen triple helix

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49
Q

what are the two places calcium is found in the body?

A

in bone 99.9%

in ionic form in synaptic cleft and interstitial compartments <1%

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50
Q

what is the role of calcium in neural communication ?

A

calcium flows into presynaptic neuron through voltage-gated channels, causing NT to release

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51
Q

why does calcium have to be controlled ?

A

because it affects neural communications and controls the release of NT from synaptic vesicles

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52
Q

what are osteoclasts ?

A

cells that break down bone during growth

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53
Q

what are osteoblasts ?

A

cells that build new bone during growth

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54
Q

what happens when blood calcium levels drop in the bone?

A

bone is demineralized to liberate calcium into the blood at ANY age

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55
Q

with age, what changes in the bone ?

A

activity of osteoblasts declines, but activity of osteoclasts continues, leading to bone loss

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56
Q

the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts is regulated by what glands ?

A

thyroid and parathyroid

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57
Q

what does the parathyroid gland do when calcium levels drop ?

A

calcium levels drop is signalled to the PTH
PTH stimulates vitamin D activation
vitamin D and PTH increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys
vit D enhances calcium absorption by increasing the bioavailability of calcium in intestines
vit D and PTH stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone to release calcium into blood

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58
Q

what inhibits PTH ?

A

rising blood calcium levels

59
Q

during falling blood calcium levels, which compounds act on the kidneys ?

A

PTH and vit D

60
Q

during falling blood calcium levels, which compounds act on the intestines ?

A

only vit D

61
Q

during falling blood calcium levels, which compounds act on the bone?

A

PTH and vit D

62
Q

how do you calculate calcium amount absorbed?

A

calcium per serving * bioavailability

63
Q

which foods have high calcium bioavailability (>50%) ?

A

cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, kale

64
Q

which foods have medium calcium bioavailability (20-30%)

A

milk, almonds, yogurt, potatoes

65
Q

which foods have low calcium bioavailability (3) (<5%)

A

spinach, rhubarb, swiss chard

66
Q

what is the connection between salt and calcium diets ? why?

A

diets high in salt deplete calcium in the body

probably because more salt means more water excreted by osmosis, so less calcium is reabsorbed

67
Q

what is peak bone mass ?

A

highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the first 30 years of life

68
Q

which hormone decreases osteoclast activity? what are the implications ?

A

estrogen decreases osteoclast activity

after menopause, no estrogen means more osteoclasts

69
Q

between woman A and B, is there going to be the same rate of decline? the same age of onset ? same bone mass ?

A

same rate of decline, same age of onset of decline

however, some women enter adulthood with more calcium and therefore finish at 60 with enough bone mass that they won’t have osteoporosis

70
Q

what is osteoporosis ?

A

a disease of severely low bone density

71
Q

what are people with osteoporosis susceptible to?

A

fracture

72
Q

what is a tell tale sign of osteoporosis ?

A

shrinking in height due to vertebrae collapsing

73
Q

what are three ways to minimize risk of osteoporosis ?

A

maximize peak bone mass in early adulthood

resistance exercise

RDA for calcium

74
Q

with a dietary deficiency in calcium, is blood calcium low or normal ?

A

normal because bones give up their calcium for it

75
Q

what are the two places phosphorus is stored and in which proportion ?

A

85% stored in bone as hydroxyapatite crystals (with calcium)

15% in intracellular fluid

76
Q

what foods contain phosphorus ?

A

all foods

77
Q

what is the form of phosphorus in soft drinks ?

A

phosphoric acid

78
Q

what is the risk of having too much phosphorus (which is readily available)

A

if you eat too much compared to calcium, this causes calcium to leech out of teeth causing severe tooth decay

79
Q

where is the majority of magnesium found

A

in bones

80
Q

what is the role of magnesium in bones ?

A

influences the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals

81
Q

where is magnesium found (3 places)

A

bone
muscle cells
intracellular fluid of cells

82
Q

where is magnesium found in plants ?

A

associated with chlorophyll

83
Q

what food is a good source of magnesium and why

A

any deep green leafy vegetable is good bc chlorophyll is associated with it

also legumes

84
Q

is magnesium easy to get ?

A

nope most ppl don’t meet the RDA for it

85
Q

why is it important to get enough magnesium ?

A

because if not, your body will take it from your bones

86
Q

what does the acid in stomach originate from ?

A

salt

87
Q

what is the role of Cl and Na

A

extracellular ions

88
Q

what are two roles of Na

A

fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission

89
Q

what is a role of Cl- in the GI

A

forms HCl

90
Q

what is the difference between table salt and fleur de sel

A

table salt is mined from inland salt deposits

fleur de sel is from artificial salt ponds, you evaporate the seawater

91
Q

what are the 5 steps of neural communication

A

electrical signal (AP)
calcium in presynaptic neuron
NT released in synapse
NT binds to ion channels on postsynaptic neuron and Na goes into postsynaptic cell
NT binds to receptors and opens ion channel

92
Q

why is sodium crucial in fluid balance ?

A

controls volume of extracellular fluid

93
Q

high sodium intake is associated w what disease

A

hypertension

94
Q

do most people respect the UL for sodium

A

no

95
Q

what heart type is a sign of heart failure

A

enlarged heart (heart being overworked)

96
Q

what is the AI for sodium

A

1500 mg/day

97
Q

what is the UL for sodium

A

2300 mg /day

98
Q

where is 95% of potassium found ?

A

inside cells

99
Q

what kind of food doesn’t have potassium

A

processed foods because cells not intact

100
Q

increasing potassium intake leads to what ?

A

lowered BP

101
Q

how many new RBC do we produce per day

A

2 billion

102
Q

what is heme ?

A

the non protein portion of Hb which holds iron

103
Q

why is iron crucial to blood health ?

A

bc constitutes Hb so without it o2 has nowhere to bind

104
Q

too little iron = too much in terms of deadliness, true or false ?

A

true

105
Q

what is ferritin ?

A

the iron storage protein

106
Q

what does absorption of iron mainly depend on ?

A

iron status of body

107
Q

what does ferritin do ?

A

binds to iron to prevent it from entering the bloodstream

108
Q

in healthy iron status, what happens to iron ?

A

iron needs iron transport proteins to cross into and out of the intestinal cell

109
Q

in iron deficiency, what happens to iron ?

A

more iron transport proteins are produced, fewer iron storing (ferritin) produced, resulting in increased iron absorption

110
Q

in iron overload, what happens to iron ?

A

fewer iron transport proteins, more ferritin, reducing absorption

111
Q

how is iron bioavailability dependent on source of iron consumed ?

A

heme iron vs nonheme

112
Q

which foods have heme iron ?

A

animal foods (meat)

113
Q

what is the iron from plants ?

A

non heme

114
Q

is heme well absorbed compared to non heme ?

A

yes (25% vs 17%)

115
Q

what accounts for 90% of daily intake of iron ?

A

nonheme iron

116
Q

what is iron deficient anemia?

A

severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin and small, pale red blood cells.

117
Q

what is a microcytic anemia ?

A

impairs hemoglobin synthesis

118
Q

what does anemia lead to in the heart ?

A

enlarged heart and heart failure

119
Q

what are high risk groups for iron- deficient anemia ?

A

women (menstrual blood loss)

growing infants, children, teens

120
Q

what is the main thing one should be careful about when donating blood ?

A

losing iron

donating 0.5L is 2.5 mg iron

121
Q

where does most iodide go in the body?

A

thyroid gland

122
Q

what is the function of iodide ?

A

singular function of synthesis thyroid hormones

123
Q

how many molecules of iodine does thyroxine have ?

A

4

124
Q

what is the major source of iodide ?

A

the ocean

125
Q

which populations are at bigger risk of iodide deficiency?

A

remote populations far from any oceans (iodide deficient soils and plants)

126
Q

what is cretinism?

A

an iodide deficiency disease with impaired fetal development, stunted growth, etc

127
Q

what is a goiter?

A

enlarged thyroid gland due to deficiency in iodide

128
Q

what is the leading cause of mental impairment globally ?

A

iodide deficiency

129
Q

how does the government prevent iodide deficiency?

A

adding iodide to table salt since 1920

130
Q

does fleur de sel contain iodide ?

A

no

131
Q

what is the role of chromium ?

A

enhances the ability of insulin to take in glucose into your cells

132
Q

can chromium have ergogenic effects such as increasing muscle mass or burning fat ?

A

no, not provent !!!

133
Q

how many enzymes use zinc ?

A

100+

134
Q

what is the main role of zinc ?

A

cofactor in metabolic reactions

135
Q

what are the 6 roles of zinc ?

A 
energy metabolism
aa metabolism
DNA metabolism 
antioxidant 
heme synthesis 
growth and development
136
Q

what is the effect of zinc lozenges ?

A

can reduce symptoms of a cold by a few days

137
Q

what does a zinc deficiency do ?

A

impairs growth and development

138
Q

what are the three minerals that work as antioxidants ?

A

zinc
copper
selenium

139
Q

what are the two minerals for which soil content determine intake ?

A

iodine

selenium

140
Q

what is an easy way of increasing selenium intake ?

A

brazil nuts

141
Q

intake of these three antioxidant minerals lowers probability of some cancers

A

zinc
copper
selenium

142
Q

what is fluoride stored as ?

A

hydroxyapatite crystals, forms fluoroapatite

143
Q

what is fluoride toxicity ?

A

fluorosis (coloring of teeth)

144
Q

what does the amount of cavities depend on ?

A

presence of fluoride in water supply

BIOL 203 (11 decks)

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