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LING 1 > Lesson 8: Languages in Contact > Flashcards

Lesson 8: Languages in Contact Flashcards

1
Q

language contact

A

when two or more languages or dialects come into extended contact with each other

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2
Q

What are the 5 outcomes of language contact?

A
  1. widespread bilingualism/codeswitching
  2. selection of a lingua franca
  3. language creation
  4. language shift/endangerment and language death
  5. borrowing of language
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3
Q

lingua franca

A

any language used to enable communication between groups of people with differing native languages

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4
Q

What 3 ways does language contact occur?

A
  1. geography
  2. conquest/war
  3. trade
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5
Q

adstrates

A

languages in contact have equal prestige

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6
Q

superstrate

A

language of dominant group

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7
Q

lexifier language

A

the input language that provides most of the basic vocabulary or lexicon

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8
Q

True or False:
The superstrate is usually the lexifier language.

A

True

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9
Q

substrate

A

language of the less dominant or subordinate group

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10
Q

True or False:
The superstrate language typically provides most of the phonological and grammatical features.

A

False
The substrate language provides most of the phonological and grammatical features.

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11
Q

pidgin language

A

simplified language used in specific interactions (business, service, trade)

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12
Q

How do pidgin languages arise?

A

when speakers of mutually unintelligible languages are brought together and need to overcome the lack of a common language to communicate

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13
Q

True or False:
Pidgins have no native speakers.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False:
Pidgins have no grammar.

A

False
Pidgin languages have a grammar, but are often simpler than the grammar of the source language.

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15
Q

creole language

A

results from a pidgin becoming a native language due to children acquiring it

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16
Q

True or False:
Creole languages have more complex grammar than pidgin languages.

A

True

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17
Q

What are common phonological features of pidgins and creoles?

A
  • simplified consonant clusters
  • stopping of fricatives
  • common sounds
  • not tonal
18
Q

What are common morphological features of pidgins and creoles?

A
  • lack inflectional (tense/plural) morphology
  • use of reduplication to indicate plural
  • plural formation
19
Q

What are common syntactical features of pidgins and creoles?

A
  • flexible word order
  • SVO word order in Creole
20
Q

Language endangerment and language death usually occur when people ____.

A

no longer speak a particular language and adopt another language

21
Q

True or False:
There are around 1000 languages in the world.

A

False
There are 6912 languages in the world.

22
Q

True or False:
Only 5% of the world’s languages have over 1 million speakers.

A

True

23
Q

True or False:
Around 40% of human languages are on the verge of being lost.

A

False
Around 90% of human languages are on the verge of being lost.

24
Q

language death

A

when the last speaker of a language dies

25
Q

language shift

A

process by which a language community adopts another language

26
Q

In the next 10 years, there is believed to be a ____ language loss.

A

50%

27
Q

What two kinds of factors cause language death?

A
  • factors that put people in danger
  • factors that change people’s culture
28
Q

factors of language death that put people in danger

A
  • natural disasters
  • disease
  • economic exploitation
  • political conflict
29
Q

factors of language death that change people’s culture

A
  • cultural assimilation
  • military dominance
  • urbanization
  • media
  • bilingualism
30
Q

What are the stages of assimilation?

A
  1. pressure on people to speak the dominant language
  2. younger generation shifts to dominant language
  3. one generation later there is a discovery of what has been lost
31
Q

True or False:
Language shift can be prevented without active language maintenance.

A

False
Language shift is inevitable without active language maintenance.

32
Q

True or False:
Language death is first preceded by a gradual loss of fluency.

A

True

33
Q

Why is WA Pidgin described as an English-lexified creole?

A. It is a constructed language based on English.
B. It gets most of its vocabulary items from English.
C. It gets most of its grammar from English.
D. It is a form of broken English.

A

B. It gets most of its vocabulary items from English.

34
Q

Which of the following are true about pidgins and creoles (select all that apply)?

A. Creoles lack complexity.
B. Pidgins do not have native speakers.
C. There are creoles spoken in the United States.
D. A pidgin becomes a creole when it becomes the official language of a country (e.g., Haitian Creole).

A

B. Pidgins do not have native speakers.
C. There are creoles spoken in the United States.

35
Q

Indicate the correct statement(s) about language around the world.

A. There are about 2000 languages spoken and signed.
B. Some languages do not have native speakers.
C. The last new language was over 1000 years ago.
D. A linguistically-diverse community may adopt one language as the common language of communication (lingua franca).

A

B. Some languages do not have native speakers.
D. A linguistically-diverse community may adopt one language as the common language of communication (lingua franca).

36
Q

In contact languages, substrate languages often provide phonetic and phonological features. Substrate languages typically belong to the…

A. Lexifier group
B. Dominant group
C. Equally dominant groups
D. Less dominant group

A

D. Less dominant group

37
Q

True or false: because pidgins are emergent languages, they do not have grammatical rules like other languages.

A

False

38
Q

Which areas of the world have large numbers of pidgin and creole languages?

A. Africa, the Middle East, and Siberia
B. North and South America
C. Caribbean, West Africa, the Pacific
D. Europe, North America, North Africa

A

C. Caribbean, West Africa, the Pacific

39
Q

Which of the following statements are true of language endangerment (select all that apply)?

A. Most of the world’s languages have fewer than 100,000 speakers.
B. There are no longer Indigenous languages spoken in California.
C. Languages like English, Russian, and Spanish are expected to go extinct within the next 100 years.
D. Most Indigenous American languages are endangered.

A

A. Most of the world’s languages have fewer than 100,000 speakers.
D. Most Indigenous American languages are endangered.

40
Q

What does the video show about Singlish, an English-based creole spoken in Singapore?

A. A non-standard dialect or creole can have the same range of uses as a standard language.
B. Creoles should not be used in the domains of business and commerce.
C. Non-standard dialects like Singlish are difficult to use in formal business settings because their impoverished lexicons.
D. Creoles have a simplified grammar relative to non-creole languages.

A

A. A non-standard dialect or creole can have the same range of uses as a standard language.

41
Q

What do residential schools for Indigenous children tell us about language shift?

A. Language shift results when two languages are sufficiently similar.
B. Language shift can be forcefully imposed by oppressive institutions.
C. Language shift is a decision made jointly by communities.
D. Language shift is inevitable in situations of language contact.

A

B. Language shift can be forcefully imposed by oppressive institutions.

LING 1 (10 decks)

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