Lesson 8 - Connective Tissue Adaptations to Exercise

Question 1

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 1

• maintain anatomical form and structure
  insulation
• energy reserve
• facilitate blood flow

Question 2

What are the components of connective tissue?

Answer 2

1. cells
2. fibers
3. ground substance

Question 3

Which components of connective tissue are part of the extracellular matrix?

Answer 3

fibers and ground substance

Question 4

What kind of fibers make up connective tissue?

Answer 4

• collagen
• elastin
• reticular

Question 5

What is collagen fiber?

Answer 5

a strong protein with high tensile strength

Question 6

What is elastin fiber?

Answer 6

an elastic protein with the ability to stretch and recoil

Question 7

What is reticular fiber?

Answer 7

a short, fine, mesh network of fiber used for holding structures in place

Question 8

What is ground substance?

Answer 8

gel like substance

Question 9

Which connective tissues have high blood supply?

Answer 9

vascular tissue, adipose tissue, bone

Question 10

Which connective tissues have low blood supply?

Answer 10

cartilage, ligaments, tendons

Question 11

What is stiffness?

Answer 11

extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force

Question 12

What is Young’s modulus?

Answer 12

stress/strain curve

Question 13

What is stress?

Answer 13

force or load

Question 14

What is strain?

Answer 14

change in length

Question 15

Which connective tissue has high Young’s modulus (stress/strain)?

Answer 15

tendon, ligaments, cartilage

Question 16

Which connective tissue has a high Young’s modulus?

Answer 16

bone = does not deform easily

Question 17

What does a tendon allow?

Answer 17

transmission of muscle forces to bones and joints

Question 18

How does a tendon respond to exercise?

Answer 18

• increase stiffness

Question 19

How does a tendon increase in stiffness in response to exercise?

Answer 19

increased collagen synthesis leading to changes in tendon material and morphology

Question 20

What kind of load is most effective to elicit tendon adaptation?

Answer 20

high loads

Question 21

What is tendon dependent on?

Answer 21

mechanical load

Question 22

How many weeks of interventions are beneficial for tendon adaptation?

Answer 22

more than 12 weeks

Question 23

Does contraction type (iso, ecc, con) matter in tendon adaptions?

Answer 23

no, insignificant

Question 24

What is the role of a ligament?

Answer 24

connect bone to bone for stability

Question 25

Which connective tissue are ligaments most similar to?

Answer 25

tendons

Question 26

What is a ligaments response to exercise?

Answer 26

not much evidence on effects but it is suspected they have a similar response to tendon with increased metabolism dn collagen generation/turnover

Question 27

What is a ligaments response to immobilization?

Answer 27

- loss of collagen tissue - decline in tissue repair/healing process

Question 28

What are the several types of cartilage?

Answer 28

- elastic - hyaline (joints) - fibrocartilage (cushioning and resists compression)

Question 29

How does low vascularization affect cartilage?

Answer 29

leads to long healing time

Question 30

What are the biomechanical properties of cartilage?

Answer 30

1. permeability 2. viscoelasticity

Question 31

What is viscoelasticity?

Answer 31

- time dependent response of a material to constant load or deformation

Question 32

What is stretch relaxation?

Answer 32

decreased tensile force/stress to a given stretch/strain

Question 33

What is creep?

Answer 33

increased tissue lengthening (strain) to a constant force (stress)

Question 34

What is cartilage response to exercise?

Answer 34

- thickness declines with static loading - during dynamic loading, thickness decreases following load onset then remains stable during remaining cycles of loading

Question 35

How long does it take for linear return to baseline for cartilage after exercise?

Answer 35

90 minutes after exercise

Question 36

What is the function of cartilage?

Answer 36

not to absorb energy through deformation but equalize load distribution

Question 37

What is cartilage response to prolonged unloading?

Answer 37

- reduced thickness - recovery appears possible with reloading

Question 38

What is Wolff's Law?

Answer 38

- bone will adapt to the degree of technical loading, specific to increasing gets strength in resisting the applied load

Question 39

How is loading of bone primarily caused?

Answer 39

- due to gravity and muscle contraction

Question 40

How does bone respond to exercise?

Answer 40

- bone remodeling - bone resorption

Question 41

What is needed from a load to induce bone formation?

Answer 41

- greater loads more bone growth - load must be greater than those produced in daily living - quick loads more bone growth - exercise combining gravitational and muscle loading more bone growth

Question 42

What type of exercise promotes bone growth in men, pre/post menopausal women?

Answer 42

aerobic and resistance

Question 43

How does exercise produce bone resorption?

Answer 43

can acutely disrupt calcium homeostasis

Question 44

Which type of activities lead to bone resorption?

Answer 44

weight supported exercise like cycling

Question 45

Who sees more calcium homeostasis disruption?

Answer 45

younger individuals