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Exercise Science > Lesson 2 Exercise and Metabolism > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Exercise and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What does VO2 reflect?

A

level of energy expenditure

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2
Q

How is VO2 measured?

A

L/min or mL/min

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3
Q

What is VO2max?

A

maximal capacity of the CV system to deliver oxygenated blood to dynamically working muscle

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4
Q

Where does the body store most of its glycogen in percentage?

A

muscle: 79.5%

liver: 20%

plasma: <0.5%

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5
Q

What does muscle glycogen do?

A

provides fuel for muscular contractin

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6
Q

What does liver glycogen do?

A

provides temporary storage of glucose and helps maintain glucose levels during fasting and exercise

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7
Q

How is fat stored in the body?

A

triglycerides

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8
Q

Where is fat stored in the body?

A
  • 95% adipose tissue
  • plasma
  • muscle
  • liver
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9
Q

Where is protein stored in the body?

A
  • skeletal muscle: 50-75%
  • plasma membranes
  • globular proteins
  • free amino acids in blood
  • no amino acid reserves in body
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10
Q

What is resting metabolic rate?

A

rate of energy expenditure which is require at complete rest for cell function, temp reg, and maintaining systems

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11
Q

What is the typical RMR?

A

1100-2500

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12
Q

What are the body’s readily available fuel sources?

A

CHOs and FATs

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13
Q

Which fuel systems are used at high, medium, and low intensity?

A

high: PCr
medium: glycolysis
low: aerobic

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14
Q

What do the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) do?

A
  • increase FFA supply by stimulating lipolysis
  • stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver
  • stimulate glycogenolysis in SM
  • inhibit insulin release and stimulate glucagon
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15
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A
  • increase FFA supply stimulating lipolysis
  • stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver
  • attenuates glucose uptake in SM
  • indirectly promotes growth and repair of SM
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16
Q

What does cortisol do?

A
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenloysis in liver
  • attenuates glucose uptake in SM
  • increase FFA supply by stimulating lipolysis in adipose tissue
  • aids in recovery and repair after strenuous exercise
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17
Q

What does glucagon do?

A
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver
  • increases FFA by stimulating lypolysis
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18
Q

What does insulin do?

A
  • stimulates the uptake of glucose by muscle, fat, and liver
  • inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue
  • inhibits glucose release in liver
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19
Q

Which hormones increase with increase in exercise intensity and duration?

A

catecholamines, growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon

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20
Q

Which hormone decrease with increase in exercise intensity and duration?

A

insulin

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21
Q

What happens as exercise duration increases?

A

more fat and less CHO burned, more from plasma sources and not endogenous sources

22
Q

What happens as exercise intensity increases?

A

greater proportion of ATP derived from glycolysis

23
Q

Which energy pathways are relied upon during low and high intensity exercise?

A

low: aerobic (CHO and fat)

high: anaerobic

24
Q

Which hormones stimulate and inhibit lipolysis?

A

stimulate: growth hormone, cortisol, testosterone

inhibit: insulin

25
Q

How do the affect of catecholamines change with exercise intensity?

A

low/moderate: small increase in epinephrine mobilizes FFA to fuel aerobic metabolism

high: large increase in epinephrine inhibits FFA mobilization, making glucose main source of energy

26
Q

When does fat oxidation tend to be the highest?

A

50-60% VO2max

27
Q

Why does fat oxidation decrease with exercise intensity increasing?

A
  • increased chatecholimine concentration cause shift from FAT and CHO
  • increased signal to stimulate glycolysis and glucose use in the muscle
28
Q

What protein facilitates blood glucose uptake in skeletal muscle?

A

GLUT

29
Q

Where is GLUT1 found and does it require insulin?

A

many cells and no

30
Q

Where is GLUT2 found and does it require insulin?

A

in liver and no

31
Q

Where is GLUT4 found and does it require insulin?

A

in muscle and adipose cells and yes

32
Q

Can glucose be transported to other structures once in muscle?

A

no

33
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

impaired ability of insulin to activate GLUT4 receptors, resulting in hyperglycemia

34
Q

How is plasma glucose maintained?

A
  • increasings reliance on FFAs
  • attenuating glucose uptake into muscle
  • obtaining glucose from the liver
35
Q

What happens at exercise initiation to ATP and O2 supply?

A

ATP production changes instantly while O2 does not right away creating a O2 deficit

36
Q

What are factors contributing to decreased oxygen deficit in trained individuals?

A
  • increased mitochondrial content
  • greater oxygen storage in muscle
  • greater oxygen delivery to muscle
37
Q

What is EPOC?

A

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

38
Q

What are the fast portion of EPOC characteristics

A
  • 2 to 3 min
  • O2 is used to restore ATP and PC to resting levels
  • muscle and blood O2 stores or replenished
39
Q

What are the characteristics of the slow portion of EPOC?

A
  • energy to support increased HR and respiratory rate
  • reduction of body temp to normal
  • oxidation of excess lactate back to glucose
  • elevated chatecholomines contribute to increased metabolic activity
40
Q

What is the principle of specificity?

A

states that sports training should be relevant and appropriate to the sport for which the individual is training in order to produce a training effect

41
Q

What are the chronic effects of sprint training?

A

small increase in resting ATP, CP, and free creatine in muscle

increase in creatine kinase activity

useful for short, high intensity efforts

42
Q

What are the chronic effects of exercise?

A
  • increased muscle glycogen stores
  • increase max enzyme activity
43
Q

What are the chronic effects of training?

A
  • modest increases in IMTG
  • substantial increase in mitochondrial volume and muscle capillarization
44
Q

What are the effects of training on fat oxidation during exercise?

A

causes a shift to use more fat and less CHO at sub maximal exercise intensities
- ^ in fat sensitivity enzymes
- ^ in fat mobilization enzymes
- increase in number/activity of fatty acid transporters

45
Q

What are the effects of endurance training on hepatic glucose output?

A
  • increase in liver glycogen storage
  • increase in gluconeogenic capacity
  • enhances insulin sensitively
46
Q

What are the effects of training on blood lactate response to exercise?

A
  • increases the workload at which the lactate threshold and OBLA occur (less lactate produced at same workload
47
Q

What are the factors that influence a decrease in blood lactate after endurance training?

A
  • less reliance on CHO oxidation
  • increased mitochondria
  • greater removal of lactate to tissues
48
Q

What is exercise economy?

A

absolute energy required for a specific power output or obtained velocity

49
Q

How is exercise economy measured?

A

oxygen consumption or energy expenditure

50
Q

What are the physiological factors that improve exercise economy?

A
  • increased capacity to resynthesizes ATP via Ox Phos
  • slow twitch fiber more oxidative, so more = more economical
51
Q

What are the biomechanics factors that improve exercise economy?

A
  • improved coordination of muscle recruitment
  • increased elastic energy
52
Q

How does exercise economy affect patients clinically?

A

may limit patient’s ability too perform many activities of filly living

Exercise Science (7 decks)

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