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Exercise Science > Lesson 1 Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

the flow and exchange of energy in a living system

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work

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3
Q

What are the types of work in the body?

A
  • mechanical
  • chemical
  • transport
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4
Q

How many kcal per gram does fat have?

A

9 kcal/g

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5
Q

How many kcal per gram of CHO?

A

4 kcal/g

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6
Q

How many kcal per gram of protein?

A

4 kcal/g

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7
Q

What is catabolic metabolism?

A

the metabolism process of breaking down molecules to produce ATP

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8
Q

What is anabolic metabolism?

A

the metabolism process of constructing molecules using ATP

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9
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

an electron is removed from an atom or moelcule

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10
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

an electron is added to an atom or molecule

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11
Q

What are important examples of oxidation and reduction?

A

NAD+ = oxidized form
NADH = reduced form

FAD = oxidized form
FADH = reduced form

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12
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

the breakdown of a molecule through the addition of the components of H2O

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13
Q

What is condensation?

A

the synthesis of a molecule resulting in the additional production of H2O, sometimes called dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

What is an example of hydrolysis?

A

ATP + H2O > ADP + P + energy

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15
Q

What enzyme facilities the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

atpase

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16
Q

What are the three main pathways of ATP synthesis?

A

phosphasagen (phosphocreatine) system

substrate level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

Which pathways of ATP synthesis are anaerobic and which are aerobic?

A

anaerobic: PCr and substrate level

aerobic: oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

What is the formula for the PCr system?

A

PCr + ADP > ATP + creatine

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19
Q

What enzyme controls the PCr system?

A

creatine kinase

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the PCr system?

A
  • occurs rapidly and depletes fast due to limited supply
  • resynthesis of PCr requires ATP
  • anaerobic
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21
Q

What type of exercise utilizes the PCr system?

A

short term, high intensity (5-10 sec)

explosive movements

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of substrate level phosphorylation?

A
  • a free phosphate is transferred directly from an intermediate molecule in the metabolism pathway
  • occurs during glycolysis
  • fast but not as fast as PCr
  • anaerobic
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23
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondria in a cell

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • energy in form of hydrogen ion and electron, transferred from substrate to NAD+ and FAD producing NADH and FADH (reduction)
  • substrate is oxidized
  • used to drive electron transport chain
  • provides majority of app for sustained exercise
  • aerobic
  • supply is endless
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25
Q

In order of fastest to slowest, rank the ATP synthesis pathways

A

PCr system > substrate level phosphorylation > oxidative phosphorylation

26
Q

What system is used during a 100m dash and weight lifting?

A

phosphates system

27
Q

What system is used during the 800m dash?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

28
Q

What system is used during a marathon

A

oxidative phosphorylation

29
Q

Are all systems active at once or do they work one at a time?

A

always working together one just dominates more

30
Q

What is the primary usable form of CHO fuel in the body?

A

glucose

31
Q

What is glycogen?

A

polysaccharide composed of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules

32
Q

Where is glycogen stores?

A

liver and skeletal muscle

33
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

synthesis of glycogen

34
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glycogen to gather glucose

35
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to make ATP

36
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

sarcoplasm of myocytes

37
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

no

38
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

splitting of glucose (6 carbon chain) to 2 pyruvic acid (3 carbon chain)

39
Q

What are the two stages of glycolysis?

A

energy investment stage and energy generation stage

40
Q

What happens during the energy investment stage of glycolysis?

A

two stored atp used to rearrange and phosphorylate plasma glucose to a form which is split into two molecules

41
Q

What happens during the energy generation stage of glycolysis?

A

two molecules are oxidized and phosphorylated, NAD+ reduced to NADH

2 NADH produced
4 ATP produced

42
Q

What is the net amount of ATP generated from glycolysis of one molecule of glucose?

A

2 net ATP: 2 used in investment (4 total)

43
Q

What is the net amount of ATP generated from glycolysis of glucose derived from intramuscular glycogen?

A

3 net ATP: only 1 will be used in investment

44
Q

Where does aerobic metabolism occur?

A

mitochondria of cell

45
Q

What two pathways interact in aerobic metabolism?

A

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

46
Q

What is required for the citric acid cycle (Krebs)?

A

acetyl-CoA

47
Q

For every molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle, what is produced?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 1 ATP
  • 2 CO2
48
Q

What is required for the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH or FADH and oxygen

49
Q

What happens at the pumps in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH oxidized in first pump activating 2nd and 3rd pumps, sending hydrogen ion to inter membrane space

FADH initiates chain at second pump where more hydrogen ions are moved through oxidation of NADH

50
Q

Will any pumps operate in the electron transport chain if oxygen is not present?

A

no

51
Q

What happens when oxygen combines with hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain?

A

create large concentration gradient of hydrogen ions in inter membrane space relative to matrix, but must move down gradient through protein channel using ATP synthase which generates ATP

52
Q

For each molecule of NADH oxidized in the electron transport chain, how many ATP are produced?

A

2.5 ATP

53
Q

For each molecule of FADH oxidized in the electron transport chain, how many ATP are produced?

A

1.5 ATP

54
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain?

A

glycolysis: 2

krebs: 2

electron transport chain: 25 from NADH and 3 from FADH

total: 32 ATP per 1 molecule of glucose

55
Q

What are the other fuel sources of aerobic metabolism?

A

fatty acids via beta oxidation

amino acids: 2-15% of energy during exercse

56
Q

Can anything other than glucose and phosphocreatine be used for anaerobic metabolism?

A

no

57
Q

When is lactate produced?

A

at rest and during increased reliance on anaerobic metabolism

58
Q

What does lactate allow?

A

allows exercise to continue in the presence of not enough oxygen or when aerobic metabolism cannot produce ATP fast enough (high intensity)

59
Q

Why is lactate produced?

A
  • accumulation of pyruvate
  • depletion of NAD+ available for glycolysis
  • limited rate of glycolysis
  • pyruvate converted to lactate via oxidation of NADH
60
Q

What happens to lactate?

A

used as a valuable source of chemical energy that is returned to pyruvate through lactate shuttle and then used as energy

61
Q

What does lactate contribute to?

A

lowering of pH during high intensity exercise

62
Q

How is lactate used in the Cori Cycle?

A

used by liver to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis

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