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Exercise Science > Lesson 3 Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac output?

A
  • amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
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2
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output?

A

Q = HR x SV

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3
Q

What is the avg cardiac output for men and women at rest?

A

5 L/min for men

4L/min for women

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4
Q

How much does cardiac output increase during maximal exercise?

A

increases to 35-40 L/min

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5
Q

What is stroke volume?

A
  • the amount of blood ejected from left ventricle during single contraction
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6
Q

What is the stroke volume equation?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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7
Q

What are EDV and ESV?

A

ESV: amount of blood ejected during singular contraction of left ventricle

EDV: amount of blood left in left ventricle after ventricular contraction

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8
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A
  • pressure in circulatory system against the walls of the blood vessels during ventricular systole
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9
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • pressure in circulatory system during ventricular diastole
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10
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A

avg perfusion pressure delivered to organs

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11
Q

How much must mean arterial pressure be maintained to sustain adequate flow to tissues?

A

60 mmHg

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12
Q

What is the normal range of mean arterial pressure?

A

70-110 mmHg

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13
Q

What is rate pressure product and what can it be used for?

A

index of myocardial oxygen consumption

can be used to prescribe safe exercise zones in people with high blood pressure

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14
Q

What is the equation for rate pressure product?

A

RPP = HR x Systolic blood pressure

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15
Q

What is a-vO2 difference?

A
  • difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood
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16
Q

What happens to a-vO2 difference during exercise? Why?

A
  • greater difference as tissue needs to take in much more oxygen during exercise
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17
Q

How does cardiac output change during exercise?

A

increases significantly to meet oxygen demand due to increase in HR and SV

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18
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in terms of HR?

A
  • increases HR and force of contraction
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19
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do in terms of HR?

A
  • signals vagus nerve to decrease the HR
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20
Q

What are the receptors that help in feedback during exercise?

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors

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21
Q

What is the influence of central input of the medulla on exercise?

A
  • peripheral input and central motor command integrated in this location

the thought of activity can increase HR alone

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22
Q

What triggers the initial increase in HR during exercise?

A
  • reduced PNS activity
  • activation of cerebral cortex in anticipation of exercise
  • activation of mechanoreceptors
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23
Q

How is HR fine tuned during exercise?

A
  • SNS activation
  • input from chemoreceptors
  • input from baroreceptors
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24
Q

What is heart rate variability?

A

variation in time from one heartbeat to the next

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25
Q

What are the implications on health when it comes to increased or decreased heart rate variability?

A

increased: healthy and norma

decreased: can predict cardiac health deficits and inadequate recovery from exercise

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26
Q

What are the two main ways stroke volume can increase?

A
  1. increased EDV from increased filling
  2. decreased ESV with greater force of contraction
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27
Q

When is stroke volume at its highest?

A

EDV is high and ESV is low

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28
Q

What are the two ways EDV is maintained or increased during exercise?

A

central venous pressure through muscle pump and systemic venous constriction (less blood to heart)

respiratory pump

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29
Q

How is ESV increased during exercise?

A
  • frank-starling reflex: more stretch more contraction
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30
Q

How does exercise affect diastolic blood pressure?

A

exercise training reduces DBP by reducing the resistance against which the ventricular contraction pumps blood

31
Q

When do HR and SV increase with exercise?

A

immediately increase

32
Q

How does HR increase with exercise intensity?

A

increase linearly

33
Q

When does SV stop increasing linearly with exercise?

A

40% VO2max, starts to increase slower

34
Q

What does exercise training do to EDV?

A
  • increase in blood volume
  • increase filling during diastole
  • increased ventricular stretch
35
Q

How does exercise training affect ESV?

A
  • increased force of contraction
  • less resistance in vascular system
36
Q

Where does blood mainly flow during exercise?

A
  • active muscle and the heart
  • maintains flow to brain
  • decreases in inactive muscle and organs
37
Q

What are the factors that influence and regulate the distribution of blood flow during exercise?

A
  • vaso/venoconstriction
  • vascular tone
  • local vasodilation
38
Q

What is the main compound that causes vasodilation?

A

nitric oxide

39
Q

What happens during prolonged exercise?

A
  • heat increases and the body responds by vasodilation to regulate temperature
40
Q

What happens to SBP and DBP during endurance exercise?

A
  • SBP increases (HR and SV)
  • DBP decreases slightly (peripheral resistance)
41
Q

What happens to SBP and DBP during resistance exercise?

A

both increase in proportion to force generated and mass of muscle activated

42
Q

What is the pressure response?

A
  • during muscle contraction, vessels become compressed, causing muscle to be temporarily ischemic
  • reflexive increase in blood pressure
43
Q

What happens to the baroreceptor reflex during exercise?

A

set point is raised and MAP is maintained

44
Q

What happens during the valsalva maneuver?

A
  • activation of expiratory muscles against closed glottis to stabilize abdominal and thoracic cavities
  • veins become compressed due to intrathoracic pressure which can decrease blood flow to heart and brain, causing dizziness
45
Q

Between arm and leg exercises, where does blood pressure increase the most?

A

arm exercises

46
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the process of moving gas into and out of the lungs

47
Q

What is respiration?

A

exchange of gasses

48
Q

What are pulmonary and cellular respiration?

A

pulmonary: exchange of gases in the lungs

cellular: exchange of gases at muscle and other organs

49
Q

What is tidal volume?

A
  • amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
50
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A
  • amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled above tidal volume
51
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

the max amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration

52
Q

What is the equation of inspiratory capacity?

A

IC = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

53
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal expiration

54
Q

What is residual volume?

A

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

55
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal tidal expiration

56
Q

What is the equation for functional residual capacity?

A

FRC = end reserve volume + residual volume

57
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

max amount of gas that can be exhaled after a max inhalation

58
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity?

A

VC = inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

59
Q

What is maximal voluntary ventilation?

A
  • rapid breathing for 15 seconds
60
Q

What is Dalton’s law (gas partial pressure)?

A
  • the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of partial pressure of each gas
61
Q

How much of air is oxygen?

A

20.93%

62
Q

What is the difference between paO2 and PAO2?

A

paO2 = arterial

PAO2 = alveoli

63
Q

How does altitude affect gases?

A
  • decreased pressure decreases partial pressure
  • will decrease the rate of diffusion
64
Q

What is the partial pressure comparison between O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?

A

O2 high, CO2 low

65
Q

What is the ventilation perfusion ratio?

A

rate of perfusion in pulmonary capillaries (Qc) must match ventilation (Va) in order for optimal gas exchange

Va/Qc: ratio of alveolar ventilation to alveolar blood flow, optimal when = 1

66
Q

What happens to the ventilation perfusion ratio with exercise?

A

moves closer to 1 because even distribution of blood flow

exceeds 1 at high intensity

67
Q

What is 99% of oxygen bound to in the blood?

A

hemoglobin

68
Q

How is the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve altered by temp, pH, and 2,3 DPG?

A

temp: increase shifts curve to right, weaker bond, more O2 release at muscle

pH: decrease shift curve to right, weaker bond, more )2 release

2.3 DPG: increase shifts curve to right

69
Q

What happens during the buffering (transportation) of CO2?

A
  • 10% remains in blood
  • 20% binds to hemoglobin
  • 70% converted to bicarbonate by red blood cells
70
Q

What is the optimal pH of blood?

A

7.4

71
Q

If there is too much CO2 in the blood, how does the blood become acidic?

A

when CO2 combines with water it creates carbonic acid, in reaction the release of hydrogen ions makes blood acidic

72
Q

What does exercise do to CO2 production?

A

increases CO2 production, increasing hydrogen ions and lowering plasma pH

73
Q

What is the body’s response to high CO2 levels in the blood?

A

increased ventilation to “blow off” CO2

74
Q

What is ventilatory threshold?

A

point at which ventilation increases disproportionally to metabolic demand

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