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Data Comm > Lesson 7: Types of Synchronization > Flashcards

Lesson 7: Types of Synchronization Flashcards

1
Q

Means that the receiver must be able to determine when to expect a new transmission and when to send acknowledgements.

A

Synchronization

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2
Q

In the context of .NET, is a process that involves coordinating the execution of multiple threads to ensure a desired outcome without corrupting the shared data and preventing any occurrence of deadlocks and race conditions.

A

Synchronization

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3
Q

It usually uses a clock signal transmitted in sequence with a data stream to maintain proper signal timing.

A

Synchronization

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4
Q

Occurs between network nodes to ensure that data streams are received and transmitted correctly, and to prevent data collision.

A

Synchronization

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5
Q

is to coordinate or time events so they happen all at the same time

A

synchronize

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6
Q

To cause objects or events to move together or occur at the same time

A

synchronize

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7
Q

refers to the method used by the data communication system so that the destination station recognizes the start of a data stream and reliably reads the information sent.

A

Timing

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8
Q

Two major timing schemes are used:

A
  1. Asynchronous Transmission
  2. Synchronous Transmission
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9
Q

sends data from the source to the destination without synchronizing the two clock systems.

A

Asynchronous communications or transmission

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10
Q

used for low data transfer rates usually 128 kbps or less and short bursts of data.

A

Asynchronous communications

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11
Q

Conventional representation has asynchronous data flowing

A

left to right

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12
Q

Conventional representation has synchronous data flowing

A

right to left

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13
Q

indicate the end of data

A

stop bits

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14
Q

The characters are sent individually with a quiet period in between (quiet meaning 0 bit level).

A

Asynchronous transmission

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15
Q

means that the clocks are not locked together

A

Free running

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16
Q

Is a method of data communication that requires the source and destination to synchronize their clocks together.

A

Synchronous transmission

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17
Q

Two types of synchronous data transmission (or communication):

A
  1. Externally clocked synchronous transmission
  2. Internally encoded synchronous transmission
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18
Q

This synchronization of the clocks can occur externally to the data information or be incorporated with the data information.

A

Synchronous transmission

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19
Q

With synchronous transmission, blocks of data up to ___ in size can be sent without loss or corruption of data.

A

64Kbytes

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20
Q

is required for the amount of data sent.

A

Less overhead

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21
Q

In asynchronous transmission, there are ___ of overhead (start, stop, parity bits) sent with each character of data (7 to 8 bits).

A

3 to 4 bits ;

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22
Q

Indicate the beginning and end of transmission.

A

start field and end field

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23
Q

results in a more efficient delivery of data

A

Smaller overhead

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24
Q

has separate lines from the data lines for synchronizing the clock.

A

Externally clocked synchronous transmission

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25
Q

is used to send out a timing clock to the destination

A

Transmit Timing balanced pair

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26
Q

is a separate clock timing received from the destination.

A

Receive Timing balanced pair

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27
Q

Special sequence of bits called _____ are required at the beginning and end of the block of data to inform the destination that new data is arriving.

A

fields

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28
Q

sends blocks of characters at a time.

A

Synchronous Transmission

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29
Q

Each block of data is preceded by a ____ which is used to tell the receiving station that a new packet of characters is arriving.

A

Start Field

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30
Q

Indicates the end of the data block

A

End Fields

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31
Q

The packet can contain up to ___ depending on the protocol.

A

64,000 bytes

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32
Q

Synchronous transmission is more efficient than asynchronous (character transmission) as little as only ___ are required to transmit up to 8K bytes

A

4 bytes (2 Start Framing Bytes and 2 Stop Framing bytes)

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33
Q

Extra bytes, like the Start and Stop Frame, that are not part of the data are called

A

overhead

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34
Q

Consists of control information used to control the communication.

A

Overhead

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35
Q

Efficiency formula

A

Efficiency = # of data bytes / total num of bytes transmitted

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36
Q

An Ethernet frame has an overhead of 26 bytes including the “Start and Stop Frames”, the maximum data size is 1500 bytes.

The Ethernet frame’s efficiency would be ___ efficient.

37
Q

Is more difficult and expensive to implement than externally clocked synchronous transmission.

A

Internally clocked synchronous transmission

38
Q

is an example of an internally clocked synchronous transmission code.

A

Manchester encoding

39
Q

The timing signal for synchronization between the source and destination is encoded within the data stream.

A

Internally clocked synchronous transmission

40
Q

Internally clocked synchronous transmission is often called____ as no external timing lines are required.

A

self clocking

41
Q

In the Manchester Code, there is a transition at the ___of each bit period.

42
Q

Has no DC component and there is always a transition available for synchronizing receive and transmit clocks.

A

Manchester Encoding

43
Q

Manchester Encoding is also called a ___

A

self clocking code

44
Q

Manchester Encoding requires a

A

Narrow Bandwidth

45
Q

The ____ is used as an introduction to Synchronous Data Transmission.

A

Generic Packet X

46
Q

At the beginning of each frame (packet), there will be a sequence of bytes (8 bit words), called the

47
Q

The ___ is a series of bytes with a specific bit pattern that is used only by the Preamble.

48
Q

The Preamble is used to:

A

Inform the receiving station that a new packet is arriving

Synchronize the receive clock with the transmitted clock

49
Q

Names used by other protocols for the Preamble are:

A

Starting Delimiter, Alert Burst and Start of Header.

50
Q

Starting Delimiter/Alert Burst/Start of Header

51
Q

Source and/or Destination

A

Address Field

52
Q

The Source and Destination Addresses are ____ numbers that identify the sender Source and receiver Destination.

A

hexadecimal

53
Q

reside in either the Network Interface Card’s firmware or can be either assigned during the initialization of the NIC.

A

Network Addresses

54
Q

The purpose of the ____ is to identify to the network who is sending data.

A

Source Address

55
Q

The purpose of the ___ is to identify to the network who should be receiving the data.

A

Destination Address

56
Q

is used to indicate the
Type of Information being sent as Data.

A

Control Field

57
Q

The purpose of the ___ is to identify what the purpose of the packet or frame is: Control or Data. It can also be used to indicate the size of the packet and Data.

A

Control Field

58
Q

Is the actual information that is being transmitted

A

Data Field or Message

59
Q

It can contain Control Information for handshaking or actual Data used by applications.

A

Data Field or Message

60
Q

The Data field is also called the ___ by some protocols

A

Info field

61
Q

The Control Field would indicate the ____

A

Data Field size

62
Q

is used to pad the data field when the protocol has a fixed Data Field size.

A

Optional pad

63
Q

If the Data Field size is fixed at 1200 bytes and only 300 bytes of information is available then the Pad will fill in the remaining ___ with characters

A

900 bytes. (e.g. 900 bytes of 00h)

64
Q

contains an error checking number that the Destination can use to verify that the packet is okay and error free.

A

CRC / Frame Check Sequence (FCS)

65
Q

FCS

A

Frame Check Sequence

66
Q

CRC

A

Cyclic Redundancy Checking.

67
Q

The Frame Check Sequence typically incorporates a ___ check.

A

32 Bit CRC

68
Q

As each packet is sent, the ___ calculates a check number from the data using a predetermined algorithm (formula).

69
Q

The result of this calculation is appended to the packet in the ____

A

Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field.

70
Q

At the _____ , the same calculation is performed and the result is compared to the transmitted Frame Check Sequence.

A

Destination

71
Q

If the result generated at the Destination is identical to the FCS, then it is assumed that

A

the packet is error free at the bit level.

72
Q

is a series of bytes that have a specific bit pattern that identifies the end of the packet to the Destination

A

End Frame Delimiter

73
Q

is simple and inexpensive to implement. It is used mainly with Serial Ports and dialup connections.

A

Asynchronous transmission

74
Q

Requires start and stop bits for each character this adds a high overhead to transmission

A

Asynchronous transmission

75
Q

is more efficient as little as only 4 bytes (3 Start Framing bytes and 1 Stop Framing byte) are required to transmit up to 64 kbits .

A

Synchronous transmission

76
Q

is more difficult and expensive to implement

A

Synchronous transmission

77
Q

It is used with all higher communication transfer rates: Ethernet, Token Ring etc…

A

Synchronous transmission

78
Q

is used in fast transfer rates typically 56 kbps to 100 Mbps.

A

Synchronous

79
Q

Advantages of Asynchronous

A

Simple & Inexpensive

80
Q

Disadvantages of Asynchronous

A

High Overhead

81
Q

Advantages of Synchronous

82
Q

Disadvantages of Synchronous

A

Complex and Expensive

83
Q

Types of Synchronization

A
  1. Data synchronization
  2. Process synchronization
84
Q

Involves the maintenance of data to keep multiple copies of data coherent with each other, or to maintain data integrity.

A

Data synchronization

85
Q

The simultaneous execution of multiple threads or processes to reach a handshake such that they commit a certain sequence of actions.

A

Process synchronization

86
Q

is an abstraction that allows at most one thread to own it at a time

87
Q

____ is typically an integer variable whereas, ____ is an object.

A

Semaphore; mutex

88
Q

allows multiple program threads to access the finite instance of resources

89
Q

allows multiple program threads to access a single shared resource but one at a time.

Data Comm (16 decks)

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