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Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 7: Evolution of the Invertebrates > Flashcards

Lesson 7: Evolution of the Invertebrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the title of lesson 7?

A

Evolution of Invertebrates

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2
Q

T or F
Basic features of their body plan can characterize animals.

A

True

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3
Q

T or F
Radial Symmetry has a top and bottom but lacks a back and front or right and left sides. An imaginary slice through the central axis divides them into mirror images.

A

True

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4
Q

This type of symmetry have mirror-image right and left sides.

A

Bilateral Symmetry

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5
Q

State at least 4 characteristics that animals with bilateral symmetry have.

A
  1. distinct head or anterior end
  2. tail or posterior end
  3. back or dorsal surface
  4. bottom or ventral surface.
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6
Q

These are collections of specialized cells that perform special functions.

A

Tissues

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7
Q

Give one example of an animal group that lacks true tissues.

A

Sponges

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8
Q

Enumerate the three embryonic layers.

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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9
Q

T or F: Some animals have only ectoderm and endoderm.

A

True

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10
Q

This is a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall

A

Body Cavity

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10
Q

Enumerate 2 functions for the body cavity

A
  1. cushions internal organs
  2. enables organs to grow and move independently of the body wall.
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10
Q

In soft-bodied animals, fluid in the body cavity forms this structure.

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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10
Q

T or False: Animals can be characterized by basic features of their body plan

A

True

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10
Q

The opening formed during gastrulation develops into what orifice in protostomes and deuterostomes.

A
  1. mouth in protostomes
  2. anus in deuterostomes
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11
Q

State two basis for comparison between animals which can be used to build phylogenetic trees.

A

Body plans and molecular comparisons

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12
Q

These are animals with true tissues

A

Eumetazoans

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13
Q

This branch is named after a feeding part called a lophophore and trochophore larvae.

A

Lophotrochozoans

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14
Q

This is a group of animals that shed their exoskeletons.

A

Ecdysozoans.

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15
Q

This is a group of organisms that share larval development, they include echinoderms and chordates

A

deuterostomes

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16
Q

What is the estimated fossil dating for invertebrate fossils

A

between 575 and 542MYA

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17
Q

Animal diversification began how many years ago?

A

more than half a billion years ago

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18
Q

State at least three features for the discovered invertebrate fossil.

A
  1. were flat and plate-shaped
  2. were segmented
  3. had bilateral symmetry
  4. lived on the bottom of shallow seas
  5. were made of soft tissues
  6. absorbed nutrients from the surrounding water
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19
Q

What period did the diversity of invertebrates began?

A

Cambrian Period (544 MYA)

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20
Q

Ancestors of most modern animal phyla first appeared in what evidential record?

A

Fossil Record

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21
Q

The animals of the Burgess Shale had many of the characteristics of modern-day invertebrates, including:

A

body symmetry

segmentation

a skeleton

a front and a back end

appendages adapted for many functions

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22
Q

Many features of modern invertebrates evolved during the Cambrian period, such as:

A

tissues and organs

patterns of early development

body symmetry

cephalization

segmentation

formation of three germ layers and a coelom

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23
Q

What are the significant trends in invertebrate
evolution?

A

Refer to Slides 32 and 33 on the ppt. “Comparing Invertebrates”

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24
Q

These two animal groups exhibit radial symmetry where parts extend from the center of the body.

A

Cnidarians and echinoderms

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25
Q

Worms, mollusks, and arthropods exhibit what type of symmetry?

A

Bilateral Symmetry

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26
Q

This process refers to the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the front of the body

A

Cephalization

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27
Q

What advantage does cephalization provide invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment more sophisticatedly than simpler invertebrates.

28
Q

In most worms and arthropods, neurons are arranged into what structure?

A

ganglia

29
Q

In more complex invertebrates, nervous tissue forms an organ known as the?

A

brain

30
Q

It allows an animal to increase its size with minimal new genetic material

A

Segmentation

31
Q

This allows independent organ movement and growth within invertebrates

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

32
Q

State the three terms used to describe the presence of a fluid-filled space called a coelom

A

Coelomates

Pseudocoelomates

Acoelomates

33
Q

Coelom Formation in Flatworms.

A

aceolomate

34
Q

Coelom formation that has a body cavity lined
partially with mesoderm.

A

pseudoceolomates

35
Q

In most invertebrates, the zygote divides to form a hollow ball of cells called the?

A

blastula

36
Q

In protostomes, what do you call the opening of the blastula? which develops into a mouth.

A

blastopore

37
Q

In deuterostomes, the blastopore forms what orifice?

A

anus.

38
Q

Embryological Development is based on what?

A

Based on the fate of gastrula

39
Q

Cnidarians exhibit two kinds of radially symmetrical body forms. Which are?

A
  1. polyp
  2. Medusa
40
Q

A cnidarian body form that is primarily a sedentary body. Which is cylindrical with tentacles projecting from one end

A

polyp

41
Q

A cnidarian body form that is more mobile.
Exemplified by a marine jelly

A

medusa

42
Q

T or F: Diverse mollusks are variations of a common body plan

A

True

43
Q

Asymmetrical, sessile, aquatic animals with unique structures called choanocytes

A

sponges

43
Q

skeletal support that contains mineralized material

A

spicules

44
Q

These structure in sponges moves water within the body.

A

choanocytes

45
Q

skeletal support that is made up of flexible protein

A

spongin

46
Q

Cnidarians have this structures within tentacles that capture and immobilizes prey

A

Cnidocytes

47
Q

The animal group that has Bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomate, sac plan.

A

Flatworms

48
Q

What do you call the the anterior end of a tapeworm, bearing suckers and hooks for attachment?

A

Scolex

49
Q

Two types of platyhelminthes

A

free-living and animal parasite

50
Q

Pseudocoelomate, tube within a tube plan, separate sexes, and lateral muscles

A

Roundworms

51
Q

Two types of nematodes

A

Parasitic and free-living

52
Q

What are the three mollusk classes?

A

Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, and bivalva

53
Q

This is a mass containing most of the internal organs

A

visceral mass

54
Q

What is the locomotive organ in phylum mollusca?

A

Muscular foot

55
Q

This part of a mollusk secretes a shell that encloses the visceral mass

A

mantle

56
Q

What is the feeding organ of a mollusc?

A

radula

57
Q

Largest group of molluscs that include the snails and slugs.

A

Gastropods

58
Q

Breathing organs between snails and slugs.

A

snails use mantle cavity as lung, slugs have long colorful projections that function as gills.

59
Q

A mollusc class that include clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops

A

bivalves

60
Q

Include squids, octopuses, and nautiluses,

A

Cephalopods

61
Q

an animal class often referred to as segmented worms

A

annelids

62
Q

Excreting organ for annelids

A

Nephridia

63
Q

What are the three annelid classes?

A

Oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Hirudenia

64
Q

State the three parts of an insect.

A

Head, abdoman, thorax

65
Q

State the three parts of an insect.

A

Head, abdomen, thorax

66
Q

A phylum with external radial symmetry as an
adult, bilateral as larvae

A

Echinodermata

67
Q

Locomotive structure for echinoderms

A

tube feet

68
Q

What is the most abundant animals in today’s context?

A

insects

69
Q

T or F: Modern Invertebrates thrive in nearly every ecosystem

A

True

70
Q

T or F: Modern Invertebrates do not outnumber the so-called higher animals

A

False

Evolutionary Biology (6 decks)

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