Exam Lecture (Finals) Flashcards
1
Q
Is a multicellular, eukaryotic heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls.
A
animal
2
Q
T or F
Animals are specialized to carry out the following essential functions: feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction.
A
True
3
Q
T or F
In general, complex animals tend to have high levels of cell specialization and internal organization, bilateral body symmetry, cephalization, and a body
A
True
4
Q
T or F
Sponges are classified as animals because they are multicellular, and heterotrophic, have no cell walls, and contain a few specialized cells.
A
True
5
Q
T or F
The movement of water through a sponge provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion.
A
True
6
Q
Are soft-bodied, carnivorous animals that have stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouth. They are the simplest animals to have body symmetry and specialized tissues.
A
Cnidarians
7
Q
Cnidarians typically have a life cycle that includes two different-looking stages.
A
a polyp and a medusa.
8
Q
T or F
Cnidarians include jellyfishes, hydras and their relatives, sea anemones, and corals.
A
True
9
Q
T or F
Cnidarians include jellyfishes, hydras and their relatives, sea anemones, and corals.
A
True
9
Q
T or F
Cnidarians include jellyfishes, hydras and their relatives, sea anemones, and corals.
A
True
10
Q
Are soft, flattened worms that have tissues and internal organ systems.
A
Flatworms
11
Q
They are the simplest animals to have three embryonic germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization.
A
Flatworms
12
Q
Are free-living marine or freshwater flatworms.
A
Turbellarians
13
Q
Are parasitic flatworms that usually infect the internal organs of their hosts.
A
Flukes
14
Q
Are long, flat, parasitic worms that are adapted to life inside the intestines of their hosts
A
Tapeworms
15
Q
Are unsegmented worms that have pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with two openings—a mouth and an anus.
A
Roundworms
16
Q
They include trichinosis-causing worms, filarial worms, ascarid worms, and hookworms
A
Parasitic roundworms
17
Q
Are worms with segmented bodies. They have a true coelom that is completely lined with mesoderm.
A
Annelids
18
Q
Are annelids that typically have only a few setae and live in soil or fresh water.
A
Oligochaetes
19
Q
Are typically external parasites that suck the blood and body fluids of their host.
A
Leeches
20
Q
Are marine annelids that have paired, paddlelike appendages tipped with setae
A
Polychaetes
21
Q
Are soft-bodied animals that usually have an internal or external shell.
A
Mollusks
22
Q
The typical mollusk body plan has four parts
A
foot, mantle, shell, and visceral mass.
23
Q
Are shell-less or single-shelled mollusks that move by using a muscular foot located on the ventral side.
A
Gastropods
24
T or F
Bivalves have two mantles that are held together by one or two powerful muscles
False: two shells
25
Are typically soft-bodied mollusks in which the head is attached to a single foot. The foot is divided into tentacles or arms.
Cephalopods
26
Have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
Arthropods
27
T or F
In many groups of cephalopods, continuing evolution has led to fewer body segments and highly specialized appendages for feeding, movement, and other functions.
Fale: groups of arthropods
28
T or F
When they outgrow their exoskeletons, arthropods undergo periods of molting.
True
29
Are classified based on the number and structure of their body segments and appendages, particularly their mouthparts.
Arthropods
30
Typically have two pairs of branched antennae, two or three body sections, and chewing mouthparts called mandibles.
Crustaceans
31
Have mouthparts called chelicerae and two body sections, and most have four pairs of walking legs.
Chelicerates
32
T or F
Arthropods have jaws, one pair of antennae, and unbranched appendages.
T
33
Have a body divided into three parts—head, thorax, and abdomen. Three pairs of legs are attached to the thorax.
Insects
34
The growth and development of insects usually involve _____, which is a process of changing shape and form.
metamorphosis
35
T or F
Crustaceans undergo either incomplete metamorphosis or complete metamorphosis.
False
36
T or F
Ants, bees, termites, and some of their relatives form complex associations called societies.
True
37
Are characterized by spiny skin, five-part radial symmetry, an internal skeleton, a water vascular system, and suction-cup-like structures called tube feet.
Echinoderms
38
Carries out many essential body functions in echinoderms, including respiration, circulation, and movement.
The water vascular system
39
T or F
Classes of echinoderms include sea lilies and feather stars, sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sand dollars, and sea cucumbers.
True
40
T or F
As animals became larger and more complex, specialized cells joined together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems that work together to carry out basic functions.
False: Complex Function
41
T or F
All invertebrates except sponges exhibit some type of body symmetry—either radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry.
True
42
T or F
Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment more quickly and in more sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates.
True
42
T or F
Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment more quickly and in more sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates.
True
42
T or F
Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment more quickly and in more sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates.
True
43
T or F
Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment more quickly and in more sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates.
True
44
T or F
Most Vertebrates with bilateral symmetry also have segmented bodies. Over the course of evolution, different segments have often become specialized for specific functions.
False: Invertrbrates
45
T or F
Most animal phyla have a true coelom that is lined completely with mesoderm.
True
46
T or F
Worms, arthropods, and mollusks are deuterostomes, and echinoderms are protostomes.
False: Protostomes then Deuterostomes
47
T or F
The simplest animals break down food primarily through extracellular digestion, whereas more complex animals use intracellular digestion.
False: intracellular then extracellular
48
T or F
Respiratory organs have large surface areas that are in contact with the air or water. For diffusion to occur, these respiratory surfaces must be kept moist.
True
49
T or F
Most animals have an excretory system that rids the body of metabolic wastes and controls the amount of water in their tissues.
True
50
T or F
Invertebrates show three trends in the evolution of the nervous system: centralization, cephalization, and specialization.
True
51
T or F
Invertebrates have one of three main kinds of skeletal systems: hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and endoskeletons.
True
52
T or F
Most invertebrates reproduce sexually during at least part of their life cycle. Depending on environmental conditions, however, many invertebrates may also reproduce asexually.
True
53
is an animal that has, for at least some stage of its life, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; a notochord; pharyngeal pouches; and a tail that extends beyond the anus.
chordate
54
The two groups of nonvertebrate chordates are?
tunicates and lancelets.
55
Are aquatic vertebrates that are characterized by paired fins, scales, and gills.
Fishes
56
T or F
The evolution of jaws and the evolution of paired fins were important developments during the rise of fishes.
True
57
T or F
Fishes' adaptations to terrestial life include various modes of feeding, specialized structures for gas exchange, and paired fins for locomotion
False: Aquatic life
58
T or F
On the basis of their basic external structure, all living fishes can be classified into one of three groups: jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and bony fishes.
False: Internal
59
is a vertebrate that, with some exceptions, lays eggs in water, lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult, breathes with lungs as an adult, has moist skin that contains mucus glands, and lacks scales and claws.
amphibian
60
T or F
Early amphibians evolved several adaptations that helped them live at least part of their lives out of water. Bones in the limbs and limb girdles of amphibians became stronger, permitting more efficient movement. A set of lungs and breathing tubes enabled them to breathe air. Their sternum formed a bony shield that supports and protects the internal organs, especially the lungs.
True
61
T or F
The three groups of living amphibians are salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians.The three groups of living amphibians are salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians.
True
62
Is a vertebrate that has scaly skin, lungs, and eggs with several membranes.
Reptile
63
T or F
Well-developed lungs; a double-loop circulatory system; an efficient excretory system; strong limbs; internal fertilization; and shelled, terrestrial eggs are the main adaptations that have contributed to the success of reptiles on land.
True
64
T or F
The four surviving orders of reptiles are lizards and snakes, crocodilians, turtles and tortoises, and the tuatara.
True
65
Are reptilelike animals that maintain a constant internal body temperature. They have an outer covering of feathers, two legs that are covered with scales and are used for walking or perching, and front limbs modified into wings.
Birds
66
Have a number of adaptations that enable them to fly. These adaptations include highly efficient digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems; aerodynamic feathers and wings; and strong chest muscles.
True
67
T or F
In addition to having hair and the ability to nourish their young with milk, all mammals breathe air and are endotherms that generate their body heat internally.
True
68
T or F
The first true mammals appeared during the late Triassic Period, about 220 million years ago.
True
69
T or F
The ability of mammals to regulate their body heat from within is an example of homeostasis.
True
70
T or F
As mammals evolved to eat foods other than insects, the form and function of their jaws and teeth became adapted to their diets.
True
71
T or F
The bladder of mammals helps maintain homeostasis by excreting or retaining excess liquid.
False: The kidneys
72
T or F
The three groups of living mammals are the monotremes, the marsupials, and the placentals (eutherians).
T
73
T or F
Eutherians bear live young that complete their development in a pouch. Monotremes lay eggs. In Marsupials, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother through the placenta.
False: Marsupials then Eutherians
74
T or F
Similar ecological opportunities on the different continents have produced some striking examples of convergent evolution in mammals.
True
75
T or F
In general, primates have binocular vision, a well-developed cerebrum, fingers and toes, and arms that rotate in their joints.
True
76
Primates that evolved from two of the earliest ancestral branches look very little like typical monkeys and are called prosimians. Members of the more familiar primate group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans are called?
anthropoids.
77
T pr F
Today, most paleontologists agree that the hominid fossil record includes at least five genera—Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Kenyanthropus, and Homo—and as many as 16 separate hominid species. This diverse group of fossils covers roughly 4.5 million years.
True
78
T or F
The chordate family tree has its roots in ancestors that vertebrates share with tunicates and lancelets
True
79
Over the course of evolution, the appearance of new adaptations—such as jaws and paired appendages—has launched convergent evolution in chordate groups.
False: adaptive radiation
80
The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many vertebrates, particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely with time of day and with season.
True
81
T or F
Most fishes, amphibians, and reptiles are endotherms—organisms that obtain heat from outside their bodies. Birds and mammals are ectotherms, which means they can generate heat inside their bodies.
False: Endotherms then Ectotherms
82
T or F
The digestive systems of vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits.
True
83
T or F
Aquatic chordates—such as tunicates, fishes, and amphibian larvae—use gills for respiration. Land vertebrates, including adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, use lungs.
True
84
T or F
During the course of chordate evolution, the heart developed chambers and partitions that help separate the blood traveling in the circulatory system.
True
85
T or F
Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain. Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function.
True
86
T or F
Muscular and skeletal systems support a vertebrate's body and make it possible to control movement.
True
87
When the continents separated 45 million years ago, anthropoids were
split into two groups. New World monkeys live in Central and South
America and they have _______ tails.
prehensile
88
The ability to merge visual images from both eyes, giving depth perception and a three-dimensional view of the world
Binocular Vision
89
The primate group made up of monkeys, apes, and humans prehensile
Anthropoid
90
A thumb that allows the hand to grasp objects and use tools
Opposable Thumb
91
T or F
Researchers have found fossils of at least 20 species of hominines. All these species are relatives of modern humans. But not all of them are human ancestors.
True
91
T or F
What adaptations enabled later hominine species
to walk upright?
The skull, neck, spine, hip bones, and leg bones of early
hominines changed shape in ways that let later species walk upright.
