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Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 6- The colonization of Land by Plants > Flashcards

Lesson 6- The colonization of Land by Plants Flashcards

• summarize the plant adaptations to life on land • elaborate on the alternation of generations among seedless nonvascular and vascular plants • trace the evolution of seedless nonvascular and vascular plants • discuss the economic and ecological importance of mosses and other seedless vascular plants

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1
Q

These two evidences suggest that thin coatings of cyanobacteria and protists existed on land 1.2 billion years ago.

A

Geochemical analysis and fossil evidence

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2
Q

The terrestrial surface was lifeless for more than how many years of earth’s early history?

A

3 billion years

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3
Q

In what timescale do Cyanobacteria likely exist on land?

A

1.2 BYA

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4
Q

At around what timescale did small plants, fungi, and animals emerge on land?

A

500 MYA

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5
Q

Since colonizing the land, plants have diversified into roughly how many living species?

A

290,000

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6
Q

Land plants do not include what photosynthetic microorganisms?

A

Photosynthetic protists (algae)

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7
Q

Plants supply ______ and are the ultimate source of most food eaten by land animals

A

oxygen

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8
Q

These are a group of algae which are the closest relatives of land plants.

A

Charophytes

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9
Q

The ancestor of land plants was most likely shared with a group of green algae known as what?

A

Charophytes

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10
Q

Many characteristics of land plants also appear in various algal clades, mainly what?

A

algae

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11
Q

what are the four key traits that land plants and charophytes share?

A
  1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
  2. Peroxisome have enzymes.
    3.Structure of Flagellated Sperm
  3. Formation of Phragmoplast
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12
Q

What are the two comparisons that point to charophytes as the closest living relatives of land plants?

A

Nuclear and chloroplast genes.

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13
Q

This is an adaptation that enabled the move to land. Found in charophytes which has a layer of durable polymer that prevent exposed zygotes from drying out.

A

Sporopollenin

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14
Q

The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors was possible due to what factors?

A
  1. Unfiltered Sunlight
  2. More plentiful CO2
  3. Nutrient-rich soil
  4. few herbivores and pathogens
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15
Q

What are some challenges faced by plants?

A

Scarcity of water and lack of structural support.

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16
Q

An adaptation that enabled the move to the land. Which facilitated survival, it may have opened the way to its colonization by plants.

A

Accumulation of traits

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17
Q

These two evidences suggest that thin coatings of cyanobacteria and protists existed on land 1.2 billion years ago.

A

Geochemical analysis and fossil evidence

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18
Q

Until this debate about the boundaries of the plant kingdom, plants are referred to as what?

A

embryophytes

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19
Q

This is a a mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi

A

Mycorrhizal symbiosis

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20
Q

This evidence suggests that the first land plants were already involved in mycorrhizal symbiosis

A

Extensive fossil evidence

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21
Q

“Lower” plants, such as the mosses, liverworts, ferns, and horsetails, still have this root like structure and lack this feature

A

rhizomes;well-developed vasculature

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22
Q

This is the same sort of structure that was found in fossilized plants some 400 million years ago.

A

arbuscule

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23
Q

In this timescale, the algal ancestors of plants may have carpeted moist fringes of lakes and coastal salt marshes

A

More than 500 MYA

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24
Q

This is a group that constitutes both plants and green algae

A

charophytes

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25
Q

These organisms are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor

A

charophytes

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26
Q

Do charophytes have simple unicellular bodies?

A

No, they have complex multicellular bodies

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27
Q

Are charophytes photosynthetic prokaryotes?

A

No, they are photosynthetic eukaryotes.

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28
Q

Do algae have tissues like that of plants?

A

No

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29
Q

What are the three opportunities that allowed adaptations of plants for life on land?

A
  1. Unlimited Solar Energy
  2. Abundant CO2
  3. Initially, few pathogens and herbivores.
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30
Q

List 4 difficulties of plants on land.

A

– maintain moisture inside their cells to keep them from drying out
– support their body in a non-buoyant medium
– reproduce and disperse offspring without water
– obtain resources from soil and air

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31
Q

List 6 features that algae have unlike land plants

A
  1. Generally have no rigid tissues
  2. Are supported by the surrounding water
  3. Obtain CO2 and minerals directly from the water surrounding the entire algal body
  4. Receive light and perform photosynthesis over most of their body
  5. Use flagellated sperm that swim to fertilize an egg
  6. Disperse offspring with water
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32
Q

Do Land plants maintain moisture in their cells? How?

A

Yes, because of stomata

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33
Q

These are growth-producing regions of cell division.

A

Apical Meristem

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34
Q

In many land plants, water and minerals move up from roots to stems and leaves using these types of tissues.

A

vascular tissues

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35
Q

What are the two vascular tissues?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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36
Q

What is the xylem made of, and state one function.

A
  • consists of dead cells
  • transports water and minerals
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36
Q

What is phloem made of and state one function.

A

It consists of living cells.
It conveys sugars.

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36
Q

True or False. In all plants, the gametes and embryos must be kept moist.

A

True

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37
Q

T or F: In algae, the zygote develops into an embryo while attached to and nourished by the parent plant.

A

False: In land plants

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38
Q

What is the life cycle involved in the alternation of generation in land plants?

A

Haploid Generation which produces eggs and sperm

Diploid Generation which produces spores

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39
Q

Spores of land plants are protected within structures called the what?

A

sporangia

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40
Q

In pines and flowering plants, what are these structures that contain the sperm-producing cells?

A

pollen grains

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41
Q

Sate the four predecessors of the ancestral algae. Recognize which is viridiplantae, streptophyta, and plantae

A
  1. Red Algae
  2. Chlorophytes
  3. Charophytes
  4. Embryophytes
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42
Q

List four key traits that appear in nearly all
land plants but are absent in the
charophytes

A
  1. Alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos
  2. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  3. Multicellular gametangia
  4. Apical meristems
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43
Q

In the Alternation of Generations and Multicellular, Dependent Embryos. What is the ploidy of the gametophyte and the specific process of division?

A

haploid; mitosis

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44
Q

In the sporophyte generation of the land plants. What is the ploidy of the sporophyte and what is the type of cell division used to produce spores?

A

Diploid sporophyte; haploid spores by meiosis

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45
Q

In Alternation of Generations and Multicellular, Dependent Embryos. Where is the diploid embryo retained?

A

Tissue of the female gametophyte

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46
Q

In Alternation of Generations and Multicellular, Dependent Embryos. Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through what?

A

placental transfer cells

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47
Q

Why are land plants referred to as embryophytes?

A
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48
Q

Why are land plants referred to as embryophytes?

A

Because of their dependency on the embryo on the parent.

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49
Q

The sporophyte produces spores in organs known as what?

A

sporangia

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50
Q

Diploid cells known as ________ undergo meiosis to generate _________

A

sporocytes; haploid spores

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51
Q

Spore walls contain this substance, which makes them resistant to harsh environments

A

sporopollenin

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52
Q

This is referred to as the female gametangia

A

archegonia

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53
Q

A pear-shaped organ that produces a single non-motile egg retained within the bulbous part of the organ.

A

Archegonia

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54
Q

This is referred to as the male gametangium

A

Antheridium

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55
Q

In many groups of present-day plants, the sperm
possess flagella and swim to the eggs through
water droplets or a film of water.

A

Antheridium

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56
Q

In land plants, eggs are fertilized within what structure? It is where the zygote develops into an embryo.

A

archegonium

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57
Q

T or F: Seed plants’ Gametophytes are so small that the archegonia and antheridia have been lost in many lineages.

A

true

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58
Q

These are referred to are specialized zones of growth found at the tips of plants.

A

Apical Meristem

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59
Q

This is a group of cells, up to 1,000 in number, in the form of a hemisphere, with the flat face toward the root tip of vascular plants.

A

quiscent center

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60
Q

This is a waxy covering of the epidermis.

A

Cuticle

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61
Q

Referred to as the symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

A

Mycorrhizae

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62
Q

These are substances that deter herbivores and parasites.

A

Secondary compounds

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63
Q

In The Origin and Diversification of Plants, Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on land for
At least how many years?

A

475MYA

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64
Q

What are these two evidences that have
been extracted from 475-million-year-old rocks

A

Fossilized spores and tissues

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65
Q

True or False: Predecessor species gave rise to a vast diversity of modern plants

A

False: Ancestral

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66
Q

True or False: Plant unity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom

A

False: diversity

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67
Q

Land plants can be informally grouped based
on the presence or absence of this tissue.

A

vascular tissue

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68
Q

Most plants have vascular tissue; these
constitute the what group of plants?

A

vascular plants

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69
Q

Nonvascular plants are commonly known as
what?

A

bryophytes

70
Q

Bryophytes are not a monophyletic group; their relationships to each other and to vascular plants are unresolved. T or F

A

True

71
Q

Seedless vascular plants can be divided into
two clades; which are?

A
  1. Lycophytes
  2. Pterophytes
72
Q

Give examples of lycophytes.

A

Club mosses and their relatives

73
Q

Give examples of pterophytes

A

ferns and fern allies

74
Q

Seedless vascular plants are ______, and are of the same grade or level of biological organization

A

paraphyletic

75
Q

Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by what multicellular phase?

A

gametophyte

76
Q

Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants. Which are?

A
  1. Liverworts
  2. Hornworts
  3. Mosses
77
Q

This term refers to all nonvascular plants

A

bryophytes

78
Q

In the Bryophyte Gametophytes; gametophytes are smaller and shorter-living than sporophytes

A

False: larger;longer-living

79
Q

In Bryophyte Gametophytes: Sporophytes are typically present most of the time.

A

false; only part of the time.

80
Q

What are the two compositions of the gametophyte?

A
  1. Protonema
  2. Gametophore
81
Q

This structure anchor gametophytes to a substrate

A

Rhizoids

82
Q

These are structures that produces flagellated sperm in antheridia and an egg in each archegonium

A

Mature gametophytes

83
Q

T or F: Sperm SWIMS through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg

A

True

84
Q

What are these structures that grow out of the archegonia and are the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups

A

bryophyte sporophytes

85
Q

What are the three parts of the bryophyte sporophyte?

A
  1. foot
  2. seta
  3. sporangium
86
Q

Sporangium discharges spored through what structure?

A

peristome

87
Q

Hornwort and moss sporophytes possess this structure for gas exchange

A

stomata

88
Q

State the Ecological and Economic importance of moss.

A
  • capable of inhabiting diverse and sometimes extreme environments, but are especially common in moist forests and wetlands
  • Some mosses might help retain nitrogen in the soil
89
Q

They form extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat.

A

Sphagnum or peat moss

90
Q

This is sourced from sphagnum moss that can be used as a source of fuel.

A

peat

91
Q

T or F: Sphagnum an important global reservoir of
sulfur

A

False: carbon

92
Q

T or F: Overharvesting of Sphagnum and/or a drop in water level in peatlands could release stored CO2

A

true

93
Q

These are prevalent vegetation during the first 100
million years of plant evolution.

A

Bryophytes and bryophyte-like plants

94
Q

When did

A
94
Q

What period did vascular plants began to diversify

A

Devonian and Carboniferous periods

95
Q

What allowed these plants to grow tall

A

vascular tissues

96
Q

What types of plants have flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to moist environments

A

Seedless vascular plants

97
Q

Fossils of the forerunners of vascular plants
date back to how long?

A

about 425 million years

98
Q

Living vascular plants are characterized by:

A
  1. Life cycles with dominant sporophytes
  2. Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
  3. Well-developed roots and leaves
99
Q

In contrast with charophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are larger significant generation, as in familiar ferns.

A

False, bryophytes

100
Q

These are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface

A

gametophytes

101
Q

Roots may have evolved from what structures?

A

subterranean stems

102
Q

Leaves are categorized into two types; which are?

A

Microphylls and Megaphylls

103
Q

These are leaves with single veins

A

microphylls

104
Q

These are leaves with a highly branched vascular system

A

megaphylls

105
Q

According to one model of evolution, microphylls
evolved as what?

A

outgrowths of stems

106
Q

These are modified leaves with
sporangia

A

Sporophylls

107
Q

These are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

A

sori

108
Q

These are cone-like structures
formed from groups of sporophylls.

A

Strobilli

109
Q

True or False: Most seedless vascular plants are
heterosporous

A

false, homosporous

110
Q

T or F: All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are homosporous

A

false, heterosporous

111
Q

Heterosporous species produce this type of spore structure

A

megaspores

112
Q

Classification of Seedless Vascular. What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?

A

Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Pterophyta

113
Q

T or F: Club mosses and spike mosses have
vascular tissues.

A

True

114
Q

T or F: Club mosses, spike moss, and quillworts are not true mosses

A

True

115
Q

T or F; Phylum Pterophyta are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with more than 12,000 species

A

True

116
Q

In what period when horsetail were diverse, but are now restricted to the genus Equisetum

A

Carboniferous period

117
Q

These ferns resemble ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns

A

Whisk ferns

118
Q

In what period did ancestors of modern lycophytes,
horsetails and ferns grew to great heights forming the first forests

A

Devonian and Carboniferous Periods

119
Q

What period when there is Increased growth and photosynthesis removed CO2 from the atmosphere

A

Carboniferous period

120
Q

Decaying plants of these Carboniferous forests eventually became ____

A

coal

121
Q

This is an embryo including nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

A

seed

122
Q

Seed plants form a clade and can be divided
into further clades:

A

Gymnosperms, the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers

Angiosperms, the flowering plants

123
Q

Differentiate seeds of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

A

Gymnosperm seeds are exposed on sporophylls that form cones.

Seeds are enclosed within the fruit, which is a mature ovary

124
Q

In addition to seeds, the following are
common to all seed plants. Which are?

A

– Reduced gametophytes
– Heterospory
– Ovules
– Pollen

125
Q

Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes

A

The gametophytes of seed plants develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

126
Q

Heterospory of seedless and seed plants, respectively.

A

homosporous and heterosporous

127
Q
  1. Megasporangia produce _____
    that give rise to _____ gametophytes
  2. Microsporangia produce ____
    that give rise to ______ gametophytes
A
  1. megaspores; female
  2. microspores; male
128
Q

State 3 parts of an ovule

A

– megasporangium
– megaspore
– one or more protective integuments

129
Q

How many integuments in gymnosperms and angiosperms, respectively?

A

one integument; usually two integuments

130
Q

Microspores develop into _____, which contain the male gametophytes

A

pollen grains

131
Q

This is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

A

pollination

132
Q

This eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed at great distances by air or animals

A

pollen

133
Q

If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a _____ that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

A

pollen tube

134
Q

Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over spores. State Three.

A
  1. They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination.
  2. Seeds have a supply of stored food.
  3. They may be transported to long distances by wind or animals.
135
Q

What period did gymnosperms dominate the terrestrial ecosystem?

A

Mesozoic era

136
Q

Angiosperms began to replace gymnosperms near the end of the what era?

A

mesozoic era

137
Q

What period did progymnosperms begin to acquire some adaptations that characterized seed pla nts

A

Late Devonian period

138
Q

Considered the earliest seed plant known to
date. What period did it come from?

A

Elkinsia polymorpha

139
Q

A structure that functions to enclose and protect the ovules.

A

Cupules

140
Q

This is the the female gametophyte and associated tissues which develop into a seed upon fertilization

A

Ovules

141
Q

Four phyla of gymnosperms

A
  1. cycads
  2. Ginkophyta
  3. Gnetophyta
  4. Conifers
142
Q

These phylum thrived during the Mesozoic, but
relatively few species exist today

A

cycadophyta

143
Q

This phyla have large cones and palm-like
leaves

A

cycads or cycadophyta

144
Q

This phylum consists of a single living species. They have a high tolerance for air pollution. Also, a famous ornamental tree

A

Ginkophyta

145
Q

This phylum comprises three genera. The species vary in appearance and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts

A

Gnetophyta

146
Q

A pine tree is a sporophyte or gametophyte?

A

sporophyte

147
Q

In gymnosperm, cycle: What is the dominant generation?

A

sporophyte generation

148
Q

All angiosperms are classified in a
single phylum: which is?

A

Anthophyta

149
Q

Two key adaptations of Angiosperms

A

Flowers and Fruits

150
Q

What is the site of pollination and fertilization in angiosperms?

A

flowers.

151
Q

State the four parts of a flower.

A

– Sepals
– Petals
– Stamens
– Carpels

152
Q

In angiosperms, state the key events in typical life cycle.

A
  1. Meiosis in the anthers produces haploid spores that form the male gametophyte (pollen grains).
  2. Meiosis in the ovule produces a haploid spore that forms the few cells of the female gametophyte, one of which becomes the egg.
  3. Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma. A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule.
  4. The tube carries a sperm that fertilizes the egg to form a zygote.
152
Q

In angiosperms, state the key events in typical life cycle.

A
  1. Meiosis in the anthers produces haploid spores that form the male gametophyte (pollen grains).
  2. Meiosis in the ovule produces a haploid spore that forms the few cells of the female gametophyte, one of which becomes the egg.
  3. Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on the stigma. A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule.
  4. The tube carries a sperm that fertilizes the egg to form a zygote.
  5. Each ovule develops into a seed consisting
    of an embryo (a new sporophyte) surrounded
    by a food supply and a seed coat derived from the integuments.
  6. While the seeds develop, the ovary’s wall
    thickens, forming the fruit that encloses the
    seeds.
  7. When conditions are favorable, a seed
    germinates.
153
Q

This consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts

A

Fruits

154
Q

The function of fruit.

A

Protect seeds and seed dispersal.

155
Q

T or F: Fruits are mature and ripened ovules of flowers

A

False; ovaries

156
Q

Angiosperm Diversity comprises more than _____ living species

A

250,000

157
Q

DNA studies suggest that monocots form a clade, but dicots are ______

A

paraphyletic

158
Q

T or F: The clade eudicot (“true” dicots) includes most dicots

A

True

159
Q

This group include the flowering plants belonging
to the oldest lineages.

A

Basal angiosperms

160
Q

This angiosperm group shares some traits with basal angiosperms, however, evolved later

A

Magnoliids

161
Q

State the types of cotyledonous groups

A

Monocots
Eudicots
Dicots

162
Q

T or F: Pollination by animals has influencedangiosperm evolution.

A

True

163
Q

About 90% of angiosperms use animals
to transfer their pollen. Give four examples

A

– Birds are usually attracted by colorful flowers, often red, but without scent.

– Most beetles are attracted by fruity odors but are indifferent to color.

– Night-flying bats and moths are usually attracted by large, highly scented flowers that are often white.

– Wind-pollinated flowers typically produce large amounts of pollen.

164
Q

Fossil evidence indicates that flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous era about _____

A

125 MYA

165
Q

T or F: Animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa

A

True

166
Q

T or F: Clades with bilaterally symmetrical flowers have more species than those with radially symmetrical flowers

A

True

167
Q

T or F: Human welfare depends greatly on non-seed plants

A

False: seed plants

168
Q

True or False: Most of our food comes from Gymnosperms

A

False: Angiosperms

169
Q

State two examples of how animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa

A

– animal herbivory selects for plant defenses
– interactions between pollinators and flowering plants select for mutually beneficial adaptations

170
Q

This hypothesis proposed that the early ancestors of angiosperms were shrubs based from molecular evidence.

A

woody magnoliid hypothesis

171
Q

This fossil evidence recovered from Jurassic
geological material has been attributed to
angiosperms.

A

Fossilized pollen

172
Q

State at least three importance of seed plants in terms of products,

A
  • Most of our food comes from angiosperms
  • Six crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans
  • Modern crops are products of relatively recent genetic change resulting from artificial selection
  • Many seed plants provide wood
  • Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in medicines

Evolutionary Biology (6 decks)

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