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Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 5: The origin of Microbial Life > Flashcards

Lesson 5: The origin of Microbial Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the title of Lesson 5?

A

The origin of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

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2
Q

This formation marks a time when photosynthetic bacteria were producing O2 that made the atmosphere aerobic.

A

Fossilized mats of prokaryotes

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3
Q

What do you call the fossilized mats of prokaryotes as a whole structure?

A

Stromatolites

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4
Q

What is the estimated date of when the planet earth formed?

A

4.6 or 4.5 BYA

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5
Q

The early atmosphere probably contained these six compounds that may have contributed to the formation of early life.

A

H20, CO, CO2, N2, CH4, O2

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6
Q

What were the three conditions thought to be intense during early earth that could have helped spark life?

A

Volcanic activity
Lightning
UV Radiation

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7
Q

Fossilized prokaryotes date back to how many years?

A

3.5 BYA

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8
Q

As early as 3.9 BYA, Life may have developed from what?

A

Non-living (abiotic) materials

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9
Q

How did life originate? State at least three hypotheses.

A

a. Small organic molecules must have appeared first

b.Probably happened when inorganic chemicals were energized by lightning or UV radiation

c.First polymers may have formed on hot rocks or clay.

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10
Q

The first polymers may have formed on hot rocks or clay. Which could have produced?

A

It could have produced polypeptides and short nucleic acids

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11
Q

This experiment showed that organic material could have arisen on lifeless earth.

A

Urey-Miller Experiment

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12
Q

The simulation of Urey-Miller has produced three significant substances. What are they?

A

Amino acids, sugars, and nucleotide bases.

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13
Q

In the concept of the first genetic material and enzymes, the first genes may have been what molecules?

A

RNA molecules

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14
Q

These enzymes could have catalyzed their own replication in a prebiotic RNA world.

A

Rybozymes

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15
Q

Ribozymes could have catalyzed their
own replication in a prebiotic RNA
world. What are the two steps?

A
  1. Formation of short RNA polymers (aka, simple genes) from monomers.
  2. assembly of a complementary RNA chain; the first step in the replication of the original gene.
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16
Q

State the interactive structure that probably preceded the first real cells.

A

Molecular cooperatives enclosed by membranes

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17
Q

These molecules might have acted as rough templates for the formation of polypeptides.

A

Self-replicating RNA

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18
Q

These structures may have protected some of the molecular cooperatives as they evolved rudimentary metabolism

A

Surrounding Membrane

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19
Q

Surrounding membranes may have protected some of these molecular co-ops as they evolved this basic form of metabolism.

A

rudimentary metabolism

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20
Q

These are the oldest Life-forms known to man.

A

Prokaryotes

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21
Q

These organisms remain the most numerous and widespread organisms on Earth today.

A

Prokaryotes

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22
Q

Prokaryotes are classified into two
domains; which are?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
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23
Q

The bases of prokaryote classification is based on what?

A

Nucleotide sequences and other features

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24
Q

The two main branches of prokaryotic evolution.

A

Archea and Bacteria

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25
Q

T or F: Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety of ways.

A

True

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26
Q

What are the prokaryotes that obtain carbon from CO2 and state two of their types;

A

Autotrophs;

Photoautotrophs and Chemoautotrophs

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27
Q

These prokaryotes obtain carbon from organic compounds

A

Heterotrophs

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28
Q

These organisms were most likely the first cells. They obtain their energy from sulfur and iron compounds

A

Chemoautotrophs

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29
Q

T or F: Archaea thrive in extreme environments and in the ocean

A

True

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30
Q

Give three examples of extreme habitats where archaea thrive.

A
  • anaerobic swamps
  • salt lakes
  • acidic hot springs
  • deep-sea
  • hydrothermal vents
  • animal digestive systems
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31
Q

This is a prokaryote structural feature that aids in locomotion.

A

Flagella

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32
Q

These structural feature help cells cling to surfaces

A

Pili

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33
Q

This structural feature allow certain bacteria to survive environmental extremes in a resting stage

A

Endospore

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34
Q

Many prokaryotes grow in what type of filaments?

A

linear filaments

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35
Q

These organisms photosynthesize in a plant-like way. They often bloom in polluted water.

A

Cyanobacteria

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36
Q

Bacteria as causative agents of diseases. Pathogenic bacteria can cause disease by producing what?

A

exotoxin and endotoxins

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37
Q

These are a set of criteria that can prove that bacteria are the cause of a disease

A

Koch’s postulates

38
Q

State two benefits of prokaryotes.

A
  1. Bacteria as Biological Weapons.
    This is used in strategic or military applications during war or acts of terrorism.
  2. Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment.
    Prokaryotes that are chemoheterotrophs can help decompose chemical wastes. Helpful in solving environmental problems such as oil spills and toxic mine wastes.
39
Q

What are the unique characteristics of archaea?

A

a. they are Extremophiles
b. some are Methanogens

40
Q

These are microorganisms that dwell in highly saline environments. However, some species merely tolerate a salty environment

A

Halophiles

41
Q

These organisms thrive in very hot environments such that the genus Sulfolobus live in sulfur-rich volcanic springs as hot as 90oC

A

Thermophiles

42
Q

These prokaryotes produce methane by reducing carbon dioxide. They live in moderate environments.

A

methanogens

43
Q

State how methanogens produce methane.

A

They use carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, thus releasing methane as a waste product.

44
Q

Give an important application for methanogens.

A

Help decompose chemical wastes in sewage treatment facilities.

45
Q

State the four Clades of Archaea

A
  1. Euryarchaeota (broad)
  2. Crenarchaeota (spring)
  3. Kroarchaeota (young man)
  4. Nanoarchaeota (dwarf)
46
Q

The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a community of what organisms?

A

Prokaryotes

47
Q

They are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants.

A

protists

48
Q

The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a community of what organisms?

A

Prokaryotes

49
Q

These cells evolved from prokaryotic
cells more than 2 BYA

A

Eukaryotic cells

50
Q

The nucleus and endomembrane system of eukaryotes probably evolved from what?

A

infoldings of the plasma membrane of ancestral prokaryotes

51
Q

These organelles probably evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes that took up residence inside more giant prokaryotic cells.

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

52
Q

These microorganisms were the ancestors of plants, animals, and fungi

A

Early protists

53
Q

T or F: The taxonomy of protists is in a state of flux

A

True

54
Q

Are a supergroup of protists that are defined by an asymmetrical appearance with a feeding groove that is “excavated” from one side

A

Excavata

55
Q

Excavata subtypes that lack plastid.

A

Diplomonads.

56
Q

What are the modified mitochondria found in diplomonads that lack a functional electron transport chain?

A

metosomes

57
Q

These excavates have reduced mitochondria, known as hydrogenosomes

A

Parabasalids

58
Q

Parabasalids have reduced mitochondria known as what?

A

hydrogenosomes

59
Q

These excavates have a presence of a rod with either a spiral or a crystalline structure inside each of their flagella

A

Euglenozoans

60
Q

What are the two best-studied types of Euglenozoans?

A

Kinetoplastids and euglenids

61
Q

These euglenozoans have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA known as what?

A

kinetoplast

62
Q

These excavates have a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge.

A

Euglenids

63
Q

T or F: Some euglenids are mixotrophs

A

True

64
Q

Euglenids engulf prey by what process?

A

phagocytosis

65
Q

This cladograph was proposed recently based on whole-genome DNA sequence analyses of protists.

A

SAR clade

66
Q

What are the three major clades of protists;

A

stramenopiles
alveolates
rhizarians

67
Q

Describe the flagella of stramenopiles

A

hairy and smooth

68
Q

These protists have membrane-enclosed sacs just under the plasma membrane

A

alveolates

69
Q

What are these membrane-enclosed sacs just under the plasma membrane?

A

alveoli

70
Q

Photosynthetic protists are known as what?

A

algae

71
Q

3 Types of photosynthetic protists (algae)

A

-Unicellular dinoflagellates
-apicomplexans
-ciliates

72
Q

These are protists that ingest their food.

A

Protozoa

73
Q

True or False: Protozoa include flagellates/ dino-flagellates and amoebas.

A

True

74
Q

They are a large and varied group of protists named for their use of this long appendage to move and feed

A

ciliates

75
Q

These protozoans have delicate, intricately SYMMETRICAL internal skeletons that are generally made of silica

A

Radiolarians

76
Q

Forams are named for their porous shells, known as what?

A

tests

77
Q

Foram tests consist of a single piece of organic material hardened with this mineral salt.

A

calcium carbonate.

78
Q

A large group of amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed using threadlike pseudopodia

A

cercozoan

79
Q

They consist of red algae and green algae along with land plants.

A

archaeplastida

80
Q

A group of organisms that includes amoeba, animals, fungi non-amoeba protists that are closely related to animals and fungi

A

Unikonta

81
Q

This clade includes many species of amoebas that have lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia, rather than the threadlike pseudopodia found in rhizarians

A

amoebazoans

82
Q

Organisms that have both unicellular and multicellular stages

A

Cellular slime molds

83
Q

Plasmodial slime molds form these brightly colored structures that contains many nuclei

A

supercells

84
Q

They constitute a large and varied group of amoebozoans that have lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia

A

tubulinids

85
Q

Free-living, parasitic amoebazoans.

A

entamoebas

86
Q

They are extremely diverse group of EUKARYOTES that includes animals, fungi, and several groups of protists

A

Opisthokonts

87
Q

T or f:Seaweeds are multicellular marine algae

A

True

88
Q

These are multicellular photosynthetic organisms that lack the structural specializations of plants

A

seaweeds

89
Q

Brown algae seem closely related to what single-celled algae?

A

diatoms

90
Q

This algae is often classified in the plant kingdom

A

Green algae

91
Q

Multicellular life may have evolved from colonial protists. Meaning?

A

Multicellularity evolved independently many times.

Evolutionary Biology (6 decks)

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