Lesson 6 Flashcards
How often are operational charts updated and published?
Every 56 days
What is the difference between Airways and Air Routes?
Airways are the highways of the sky, used by aircraft to go from one point to another in
controlled airspace, like driving from one city to another.
Air routes are more like gravel roads, allowing aircraft to move from one point to another but in
uncontrolled airspace, like driving in rural areas.
A low-level airway (LLA) is a route within controlled low-level airspace.
What are the vertical limitations of a LLA?
Controlled LLAs extend from 2200 feet above ground level (AGL) up to, but not including,
18 000 feet above sea level (ASL).
ATC services are provided in LLAs within specific boundaries - what are the four types of LLAs?
• VHF/UHF airways
• LF/MF airways
• Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF airways
• T-routes
VHF/UHF airways are airways from one ___ or ___ to another.
VHF/UHF airways are airways from one VOR or VORTAC to another.
A low-level airway (LLA) is a route within controlled low-level airspace.
Controlled LLAs extend from ____ feet above ground level (AGL) up to, but not including,
____ feet above sea level (ASL).
Controlled LLAs extend from 2200 feet above ground level (AGL) up to, but not including,
18 000 feet above sea level (ASL).
VHF/UHF Airways Dimensions
A VOR is protected ___ NM on either side of the airway centreline to a distance of ___ NM from the
VOR, then within lines that diverge at ___ degrees from the VOR until they meet similar lines
from the adjacent NAVAID.
A VOR is protected 4 NM on either side of the airway centreline to a distance of 51 NM from the
VOR, then within lines that diverge at 4.5 degrees from the VOR until they meet similar lines
from the adjacent NAVAID.
This extra width (called splay) is required when the distance between the adjacent facilities is
too great to rely on the position data to be accurate within 4 NM of the centreline.
What is the minimum width of a VHF/UHF airway?
The minimum width of VHF/UHF airways is 4 NM on either side of the centreline.
LF/MF airways extend from one ____ to another
LF/MF airways extend from one non-directional beacon (NDB) to another
LF/MF Airways Dimensions
An LF/MF airway is protected ____ NM on either side of the airway centreline to a distance of
___ NM from the NDB, and then within lines that diverge at ___ degrees from the NDB until they
meet similar lines from the adjacent NAVAID.
An LF/MF airway is protected 4.34 NM on either side of the airway centreline to a distance of
50 NM from the NDB, and then within lines that diverge at 5 degrees from the NDB until they
meet similar lines from the adjacent NAVAID.
What is the minimum width of an LF/MF airway?
The minimum width of LF/MF airways is 4.34 NM on either side of the centreline
Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF airways extend between a ___ and an___.
Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF airways extend between a VOR/VORTAC and an NDB
What is the minimum width of a Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF Airway on either side of the centreline?
The minimum width of a Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF Airway is 4.34 NM on either side of the centreline.
Where a Victor airway is established based on a VOR/VORTAC and NDB, the boundaries of
that airway will be the same as those of an LF/MF airway.
What is the name of the low-level airway that includes the following:
• VHF/UHF airways
• Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF airways
Victor airway
What is a T route?
A T-route is a fixed low-level controlled RNAV route that requires GNSS (global navigation
satellite system) and RNAV (area navigation) systems for use.
What are the dimensions of a T route?
The protected airspace associated with RNAV T-routes is 10 NM on either side of the
centreline. It does not splay because the accuracy of the position data does not diminish at
greater distances between points.
Define a low-level air route
A low-level air route is a route within low-level uncontrolled airspace
ATC service is not provided for air routes.
There are four types of low-level air routes. What are they?
VHF/UHF air routes extend from one VOR/VORTAC to another.
• LF/MF air routes extend from one NDB to another.
• Combination VHF/UHF and LF/MF air routes extend between a VOR/VORTAC to an
NDB.
• L-Routes are fixed RNAV routes that require GNSS RNAV systems for use.
An L-Route is a route within low-level uncontrolled airspace. (true or false)
True - An L-Route is a route within low-level uncontrolled airspace. A T-Route is an airway within low-level controlled airspace.
A high-level airway is a prescribed track between specified fixes in controlled high-level airspace (HLA).
On aeronautical charts, high-level airways are indicated by the letter ___ and are referred to as
___ airways.
On aeronautical charts, high-level airways are indicated by the letter J and are referred to as
jet airways.
What is the term used for high-level fixed RNAV routes?
Q-routes are high-level fixed RNAV routes.
They require an RNAV system with performance capabilities currently only met by a GNSS or
distance measuring equipment/inertial reference unit (DME/IRU) systems.
What is the purpose of a control zone?
The purpose of a control zone is to keep IFR aircraft within controlled airspace during approaches and to facilitate the control of VFR and IFR traffic.
What are the dimensions of a control zone on the civilian side?
If there is a civilian control tower within a terminal control area, the radius of a
control zone is 7 NM. If not, the radius will typically be 5 NM.
Control zones are usually capped at 3000 feet above aerodrome elevation (AAE) unless
otherwise specified.
What is the purpose of a Terminal Control Area?
Terminal control areas (TCAs) exist at high-volume airports to provide ATC service to arriving,
departing, and enroute aircraft.
What are the dimensions of a TCA or Terminal control area?
A TCA generally has the following dimensions:
• Inner circle: 12 NM radius based at 1200 feet AGL
• Intermediate circle: 35 NM radius based at 2200 feet AGL
• Outer limit: 45 NM radius from the aerodrome geographic coordinates based
at 9500 feet AGL
What is the purpose of Control area extensions (CAEs)?
Control area extensions (CAEs) are established at some busy airports where controlled
airspace is insufficient to permit required separation between IFR arrivals and departures.
CAEs also provide connecting controlled airspace. For example, a CAE may be used to connect
a control zone with the enroute structure
What are the dimensions of a CAE (Control area extension)?
CAEs extend from 2200 feet AGL (unless otherwise specified) up to, but not including,
18 000 feet ASL.
What is the purpose of a Transition Area?
Transition areas are established when it is considered advantageous or necessary to provide
additional controlled airspace for the containment of IFR operations.
What are the dimensions of transition areas?
Transition areas extend from 700 feet AGL (unless otherwise specified) to the base of
overlying controlled airspace.
The radius is usually 15 NM from the aerodrome coordinates, but it must be large enough
to contain all of the aerodrome-published instrument approach procedures.
What is a DME?
Distance measuring equipment (DME)
Radio navigation technology that provides the distance between the receiver and the DME station
What is an NDB?
Non-directional beacon (NDB)
A radio transmitter that broadcasts an omnidirectional signal outward
What is a VOR
VHF omnidirectional range (VOR)
A type of short-range navigation system that allows the receiver to
measure its bearing to or from a beacon
What is an ILS?
Instrument landing system (ILS)
A radio navigation system that provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance to the runway during a precision final approach
Define MOCA
Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude
The minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA) is the altitude above sea level (ASL) between specified fixes on airways or air routes; it provides IFR obstacle clearance.
This altitude is published on aeronautical charts.
Define MEA
The minimum enroute altitude (MEA) is the altitude above sea level (ASL) between specified fixes on airways or air routes that allows reception of an acceptable navigational signal from a NAVAID and provides terrain clearance.
This altitude is published on aeronautical charts.
Define MSA
The minimum sector altitude (MSA) is the lowest altitude that provides a minimum clearance of
1000 feet under conditions of standard temperature and pressure above all objects located in
an area contained within a sector of a circle with a 25 NM radius centred on a radio aid to
navigation or a specified point.
This altitude is published on aeronautical charts.
Define MVA
Minimum Vectoring Altitude
The minimum vectoring altitude (MVA) is the lowest altitude for vectoring aircraft by ATC that
meets obstacle clearance and radio coverage requirements in the airspace specified.
These altitudes are used by controllers to ensure that while providing surveillance control
service, they are providing ground clearance and radio coverage.
These altitudes are usually published in the Unit Operations Manual (UOM).
Define AMA
Area Minimum Altitude
Area minimum altitude (AMA) is the lowest altitude that provides a minimum vertical clearance
of 1000 feet above all obstacles located in the area specified.
In designated mountainous region, AMA provides a minimum clearance of 2000 feet.
Clearance is rounded up to the next 100-foot increment.
This altitude may be used under instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and under
conditions of standard temperature and pressure.
Define Transition Altitude
Transition Altitude
Transition altitude is the highest altitude at which the vertical position of the aircraft is expressed
in feet. Above it, the vertical position is expressed as a flight level.
Define SID
Standard Instrument Departure (SID)
SIDs are meant to help aircraft transition from the departure to the enroute phase of flight
There are pilot navigation SIDs and Vector SIDs
Define STAR
Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR)
STARs help aircraft transition from the enroute phase of flight to landing at an airport.
Define MRA
Minimum Reception Altitude
When applied to a specific VHF/UHF intersection, the minimum reception altitude (MRA) is the
lowest altitude above sea level (ASL) at which acceptable navigational signal coverage is
received.
What is a TACAN?
Tactical air navigation aid (TACAN)
Navigation aids used by military aircraft that provide bearing and distance to a ground or ship-borne station
Note: A TACAN is a more accurate version of the VOR/DME system
What is RNAV?
Area navigation (RNAV)
A method of navigation that permits operation of aircraft on any
desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based
navigational aids
What is GNSS?
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
Global civilian aviation systems that use a constellation of satellites
orbiting the Earth to determine position
What is the purpose of a SID or STAR?
To separate traffic by using specific routings, levels and speed restrictions.
What are the 4 areas of controlled airspace
Control Zone
Terminal control area
Control area extensions
Transition Areas
Define safe Altitude 100 NM
Safe altitude 100 NM is the lowest altitude that provides a minimum clearance of 1000 feet
above all obstacles within 100 NM of an aerodrome. under conditions of standard temperature and pressure.
What are the 3 methods for representing chart scales
There are three ways to express chart scales:
• In words
• As a fraction
• As a graduated line
VFR aeronautical information can be obtained from three key sources: What are they?
• VFR terminal area charts
• VFR navigation charts
• World aeronautical charts
