Lesson 16

Question 1

What are the four forces that ac on an aircraft in flight

Answer 1

Thrust, Lift, Drag and Weight

Question 2

What are the 3 advantages of taking off into the wind

Answer 2

• Less runway is required
• The aircraft lifts off at a lower ground speed
• Good directional control is maintained

Question 3

What are the 3 advantages of landing into the wind

Answer 3

• Ground speed is slower
• Less runway is used
• Good directional control is maintained

Question 4

Explain what Heading, Track and Drift are?

Answer 4

The heading is the direction that the nose of the aircraft is pointing in relation to magnetic north (clockwise)

The track is the path of an aircraft over the ground.

Drift is the measure in degrees between the heading of the aircraft and the track of the aircraft.

Question 5

Aircraft are commonly equipped with one of three types of engines - what are they?

Answer 5

Piston,Jet and Turboprop

Question 6

Piston engines operate efficiently at altitudes up to approximately ____ feet.

Answer 6

Piston engines operate efficiently at altitudes up to approximately 12 000 feet.

Question 7

What are the 2 types of cylinder arrangement in piston engines?

Answer 7

Horizontally opposed and radial

Question 8

The jet engine is the best performing type of engine. It can be divided into two basic categories. What are they?

Answer 8

• Turbojet
• Turbofan

Question 9

Low-altitude operations are not economical for jets. True or False

Answer 9

True -Low-altitude operations are not economical for jets.

The amount of thrust generated by a jet engine depends on the weight of the air it consumes.
Since the air at lower altitudes is denser than at upper altitudes, more fuel is required to produce
the right fuel-air ratio.

Thrust decreases with altitude because of the decrease in air density. However, high-altitude
loss of thrust is offset by reduced aircraft friction to the surrounding air (drag).

Question 10

Aircraft equipped with turbojets reach maximum efficiency at approximately ____ feet, but this
varies with the type of jet engine.

Answer 10

Aircraft equipped with turbojets reach maximum efficiency at approximately 36 000 feet, but this
varies with the type of jet engine.

Question 11

The _______engine is designed for high-speed, high-altitude operations. Efficiency improves as
the altitude increases, reaching optimal performance between 33 000 and 37 000 feet.

Answer 11

The turbofan engine is designed for high-speed, high-altitude operations. Efficiency improves as
the altitude increases, reaching optimal performance between 33 000 and 37 000 feet.

Question 12

Depending on the individual aircraft, ______ aircraft generally operate most efficiently in the
altitude range of 13 000 to 25 000 feet.

Answer 12

Depending on the individual aircraft, turboprop aircraft generally operate most efficiently in the
altitude range of 13 000 to 25 000 feet.

Question 13

What is the average speed of most piston engine aircrafts?

Answer 13

100 knots and 120 knots. UP TO 250 KNOTS.

Question 14

What is the average speed of most turboprop aircrafts?

Answer 14

Between 200 and 300 knots. Some can go up to 350 knots.

Question 15

What is the average operating speed of most turbojet aircrafts?

Answer 15

Several types of military jets are capable of exceeding 500 knots
quite easily, but the vast majority of jets will operate between 300 and
500 knots.

Question 16

What is the range of the climb rate of a piston engine?

Answer 16

500–1500 FPM

Question 17

What is the range of the climb rate of a turboprop engine?

Answer 17

1500–3000 FPM

Question 18

What is the range of the climb rate of a jet engine?

Answer 18

1500–6000 FPM

Question 19

True or False - The maximum rate of climb is normally attained within the first 5000 feet of climb, decreasing as
the aircraft gains altitude.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is the range of the rate of descent of a piston engine?

Answer 20

500–1500 FPM

Question 21

What is the range of the rate of descent of a turboprop engine?

Answer 21

1500–4000 FPM

Question 22

What is the range of the rate of descent of a turbojet engine?

Answer 22

2000–6000 FPM

Question 23

The normal rate of turn, also known as the standard rate turn or the rate one turn, is how many degrees per second?

Answer 23

The normal rate of turn, also known as the standard rate turn, is 3° per second. This is referred to as a rate one turn and is the rate of turn that is generally used by piston and turboprop aircraft.

Question 24

When using a standard rate turn, how much time will it will take a piston or a turboprop aircraft to complete a 180° turn?

Answer 24

When using a standard rate turn, it will take a piston or a turboprop aircraft 60 seconds (1 minute) to complete a 180° turn.

Question 25

What is the rate of turn for a passenger aircraft (jet)? How long will it take to complete a 180 degree turn?

Answer 25

Passenger aircraft normally use a rate ½ turn. An aircraft flying this rate of turn will turn 1.5° per second.

It will take a jet twice as long (two minutes) to conduct the same turn, since its rate of turn is only half that of other aircraft types.

Question 26

What is FOD?

Answer 26

Operational hazards such as ingesting objects like birds, dirt, and other material differ depending on the design of the engine. These types of hazards are referred to as foreign object debris and are commonly called FOD.

Question 27

When referring to propellers what is the difference between a coarse pitch and a fine pitch

Answer 27

Coarse pitch is when the blade is set at a large angle of attack, which results in a greater effective distance for a given revolution per minute (RPM). This provides a more efficient cruising speed at a comparatively lower RPM and power output.

Fine pitch is when the propeller is set at a lower angle of attack, which creates less drag and rotates at a higher speed. This produces greater power for better take-off and climb performance; however, it is not efficient for cruising.

Question 28

Define Variable pitch

Answer 28

Variable pitch is used to enable the pilot to select the most efficient pitch to maximize take-off and cruise performance.

Question 29

There are two sub-types of variable pitch propeller. What is the difference between adjustable and controllable.

Answer 29

• Adjustable: Propeller blades that may only be adjusted while on the ground
• Controllable: Propeller blades that may be adjusted by the pilot while in flight