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ENVISCI > Lesson 5: Part 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 5: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The transmission of disease by pathogenic organisms in polluted water was not recognized until the ____________________________ century.

A

middle of the nineteenth

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2
Q

People intuitively relate filth to __________

A

disease

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3
Q

the ____________________ by _____________ in polluted water was not recognized until the middle of the nineteenth century.

A

transmission of disease ; pathogenic
organisms

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4
Q

___________ was viewed primarily as a threat to human health because of the transmission of bacterial and viral waterborne diseases.

A

water pollution

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5
Q

Water pollution was viewed primarily as a threat to human health because of the_______________ and _______________________

A

transmission of bacterial ; viral waterborne diseases.

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6
Q

water pollution was viewed primarily as a threat to ____________ because of the transmission of bacterial and viral waterborne diseases.

A

human health

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7
Q

In _______________ countries, and in almost ________________, waterborne diseases remain a major public health threat.

A

less developed ; any country in time of war

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8
Q

In less developed countries, and in almost any country in time of war, _____________ remain a major public health threat.

A

waterborne diseases

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9
Q

In less developed countries, and in almost any country in time of war, waterborne diseases remain a ________________

A

major public health threat.

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10
Q

Two general sources of water pollutants

A

Point Sources and Non-Point Sources

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11
Q

Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted _______________________ from _________________

A

directly into a body of water; a pipeline or sewer

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12
Q

They occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water from a pipeline or sewer.

A

Point sources of pollution

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13
Q

Point sources of pollution occur when ______________ are emitted directly into a body of water from a pipeline or sewer.

A

harmful substances

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14
Q

POINT SOURCES

Domestic sewage consists of wastes from __________, _______, ___________, and ______________.

A

homes, schools, office buildings, and stores.

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15
Q

It consists of wastes from homes, schools, office buildings, and stores.

A

Domestic sewage

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16
Q

POINT SOURCES

_______________ means process and non-process wastewater from manufacturing, commercial, mining, and silvicultural facilities, or activities, including the runoff and leachate from areas that receive pollutants associated with industrial or commercial storage, handling or processing, and all other wastewater not otherwise defined as ________________.

A

Industrial wastewater ; domestic wastewater

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17
Q

POINT SOURCES

TRUE OR FALSE

Industrial wastewater means process and non-process wastewater from manufacturing,
commercial, mining, and silvicultural facilities, or activities, including the runoff and leachate
from areas that DO NOT RECEIVE pollutants associated with industrial or commercial storage, handling
or processing, and all other wastewater not otherwise defined as domestic wastewater.

A

FALSE

industrial wastewater means process and non-process wastewater from manufacturing,
commercial, mining, and silvicultural facilities, or activities, including the runoff and leachate
from areas that RECEIVE pollutants associated with industrial or commercial storage, handling
or processing, and all other wastewater not otherwise defined as domestic wastewater.

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18
Q

POINT SOURCES

It includes domestic sewage along with any industrial wastes that are permitted to be discharged into the sanitary sewers.

A

Municipal sewage

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19
Q

POINT SOURCES

Municipal sewage includes ____________ along with any _________________ that are permitted to be discharged into the sanitary sewers.

A

domestic sewage ; industrial wastes

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20
Q

POINT SOURCES

Municipal sewage includes domestic sewage along with any industrial wastes that are permitted to be _______________ ____________.

A

discharged into the sanitary sewers.

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21
Q

____________ can be reduced or eliminated through waste minimization and proper wastewater treatment prior to discharge to a natural water body.

A

Point source pollution

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22
Q

Point source pollution can be _________or ___________ through waste minimization and proper wastewater treatment prior to discharge to a natural water body.

A

reduced ; eliminated

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23
Q

Point source pollution can be reduced or eliminated through ________________ and ____________________ prior to discharge to a natural water body.

A

waste minimization; proper wastewater treatment

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24
Q

Point source pollution can be reduced or eliminated through waste minimization and proper wastewater treatment prior to discharge to a ___________________.

A

natural water body

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25
Q

delivers pollutants indirectly by passing through the continents.

A

Nonpoint source

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26
Q

Nonpoint source delivers ________ indirectly by passing through the continents.

A

pollutants

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly by PASSING through the CONTINENTS.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Much of ______________ occurs during rainstorms, resulting in large flow rates that make treatment even more difficult.

A

nonpoint source

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29
Q

Much of nonpoint source occurs during __________, resulting in large flow rates that make treatment even more difficult.

A

rainstorms

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30
Q

Much of nonpoint source occurs during rainstorms, resulting in _________________ that make __________ even more difficult.

A

large flow rates ; treatment

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31
Q

TWO RUNOFF IN NONPOINT SOURCES

A

Agricultural runoff
Urban runoff

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32
Q

Non-Point Sources

____________________ (including that from streets, parking lots, golf courses, and lawns) can transport pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus from fertilizers, herbicides applied to lawns and golf courses, oil, greases, ethylene glycol (used in antifreeze), and cut grass and other organic debris.

A

Urban storm water runoff

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33
Q

Non-Point Sources

Urban storm water runoff (including that from streets, parking lots, golf courses, and lawns) can _________ pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus from fertilizers, herbicides applied to lawns and golf courses, oil, greases, ethylene glycol (used in antifreeze), and cut grass and
other organic debris.

A

transport

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34
Q

Non-Point Sources

Urban storm water runoff (including that from streets, parking lots, golf courses, and lawns) can transport pollutants such as _____________________ from ________________ applied to ________________________________, and cut grass and other organic debris.

A

nitrogen ; phosphorus

fertilizers, herbicides

lawns and golf courses, oil, greases, ethylene glycol (used in antifreeze),

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35
Q

cuts grass and
other organic debris.

A

Urban storm water runoff

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36
Q

ethylene glycol is used in?

A

antifreeze

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37
Q

Types of Water Pollutants (SENUSYA ACOH M)

A

SEdiments
NUtrients
SYnthetic Organics and Pesticides
Agricultural Wastes

ACids and Bases
Oxygen-Demanding Materials
Heat
Municipal Wastewater

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38
Q

Anything that can be oxidized in the receiving water resulting in the consumption of dissolved molecular oxygen is termed ________________

A

oxygen-demanding material.

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39
Q

Anything that can be ______ in the receiving water resulting in the ____________________ is termed oxygen-demanding material.

A

oxidized ; consumption of dissolved
molecular oxygen

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40
Q

This material is usually biodegradable organic matter but also includes inorganic compounds.

A

oxygen-demanding material.

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41
Q

oxygen-demanding material is usually biodegradable ____________ but also includes _____________

A

organic matter ; inorganic compounds

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42
Q

oxygen-demanding material is usually __________ organic ________ but also includes inorganic ____________

A

biodegradable ; matter ; compounds

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43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
The consumption of CONDENSED oxygen (CO) poses a threat to fish and other higher forms of aquatic life that must have oxygen to live.

A

FALSE
The consumption of DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) poses a threat to fish and other higher forms of
aquatic life that must have oxygen to live.

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44
Q

The consumption of DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) poses a threat to _____ and other higher forms of
_________ that must have oxygen to live.

A

fish ; aquatic life

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45
Q

OXYGEN DEMANDING MATERIAL

______________ – human wastes and food residue

A

Domestic sewage

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46
Q

OXYGEN DEMANDING MATERIAL

Domestic sewage – human _________ and food _______

A

wastes ; residue

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47
Q

OXYGEN DEMANDING MATERIAL

___________ – food processing and paper industries

A

Industrial sewage

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48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Maximum amount in CLEAN water is ABOUT 9 MG/L

A

TRUE

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49
Q

OXYGEN DEMANDING MATERIAL

Dissolved Oxygen varies with _______, _______, _________, and ______________.

A

temperature, salinity, elevation, and turbulence (mixing).

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50
Q

_______________ varies with temperature, salinity, elevation, and turbulence (mixing).

A

Dissolved Oxygen

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51
Q

__________ such as might be discharged from milk processing plants, breweries, or paper mills, as well as municipal wastewater treatment plants, compose one of the most important types of pollutants because these materials decompose in the watercourse and can deplete the water of dissolved oxygen.

A

Oxygen demanding substances

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52
Q

Oxygen-demanding substances might be discharged from _________,
____________, or____________, _______________, compose one of the most important types of pollutants because these materials decompose in the
watercourse and can deplete the water of dissolved oxygen.

A

milk processing plants, breweries, or paper mills, as well as municipal wastewater treatment plants

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53
Q

Oxygen-demanding substances might be discharged from milk processing plants, breweries, or paper mills, as well as municipal wastewater treatment plants, compose one of the ____________ because these materials decompose in the watercourse and can deplete the water of dissolved oxygen.

A

most important types of pollutants

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54
Q

Oxygen demanding substances such as might be discharged from milk processing plants,
breweries, or paper mills, as well as municipal wastewater treatment plants, compose one of
the most important types of pollutants because these materials decompose in the
__________ and can deplete __________.

A

watercourse ; the water of dissolved oxygen.

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55
Q

Sediments and suspended solids may also be classified as a ___________.

A

pollutant

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56
Q

It consists of mostly inorganic material washed into a stream because of land cultivation, construction, demolition, and mining operations.

A

Sediments

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57
Q

SEDIMENTS

Sediments interfere with ________ because they can cover gravel beds and block light penetration, making food harder to find.

A

fish spawning

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58
Q

Sediments interfere with fish spawning because they can ___________ and _____________, making food harder to find.

A

cover gravel beds ; block light penetration

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59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Sediments can also DAMAGE gill structures
directly, smothering aquatic INSECTS and fishes.

A

TRUE

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60
Q

It may create unsightly conditions and
cause unpleasant odors.

A

Organic sediments

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61
Q

Organic sediments can ___________ of oxygen, ___________________ conditions

A

deplete the water ; anaerobic (without oxygen)

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62
Q

______________ can deplete the water of oxygen, creating anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions

A

Organic sediments

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63
Q

Nutrients, mainly ___________ and __________, can promote accelerated eutrophication, or the rapid
biological ―aging‖ of lakes, streams, and estuaries.

A

nitrogen ; phosphorus

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64
Q

Nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, can promote accelerated ___________, or the rapid
biological aging of lakes, streams, and estuaries.

A

eutrophication

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65
Q

eutrophication, or ____________, _____________, and ____________.

A

rapid biological aging of lakes ; streams ; estuaries

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66
Q

Phosphorus and nitrogen are common pollutants in _____ and __________, and are usually associated with plant debris, animal wastes, or fertilizer.

A

residential ; agricultural runoff

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67
Q

Phosphorus and nitrogen are also common pollutants in ______________, even if the wastewater has received conventional treatment.

A

municipal wastewater discharges

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68
Q

Phosphorus adheres to
_______________ and is transported with sediments in ____________.

A

inorganic sediments ; storm runoff

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69
Q

Nitrogen tends to move
with _________ or is leached from soils and moves with _______________.

A

organic matter ; groundwater

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70
Q

It may be classified as a water pollutant when it is caused by heated industrial effluents or from anthropogenic alterations of stream bank vegetation that increase the stream temperatures due to solar radiation.

A

Heat

71
Q

Heat may be classified as a ______________ when it is caused by heated industrial effluents or from
anthropogenic alterations of stream bank vegetation that increase the stream temperatures due to
solar radiation.

A

water pollutant

72
Q

Heat may be classified as a water pollutant when it is caused by __________________ or from
___________ _____________ that increase the ______________ due to
solar radiation.

A

heated industrial effluents; anthropogenic alterations of stream bank vegetation ; stream temperatures

73
Q

_______________ may drastically alter the ecology of a stream or lake. Although localized heating can have beneficial effects like freeing harbors from ice, the ecological effects are generally deleterious.

A

Heated discharges

74
Q

Heated discharges may drastically alter ___________________

A

the ecology of a stream or lake

75
Q

Although localized heating can have beneficial effects like _________________________, the ecological effects are
generally _____________.

A

freeing harbors from ice ; deleterious

76
Q

______ lower the solubility of oxygen in the water because gas solubility in water is inversely proportional to temperature, thereby reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen available to aerobic (oxygen-dependent) species.

A

Heated effluents

77
Q

Heated effluents lower the ________ in the water because gas solubility in water is inversely proportional to temperature, thereby reducing the amount of dissolved oxygen available to aerobic (oxygen-dependent) species.

A

solubility of oxygen

78
Q

Heated effluents lower the solubility of oxygen in the water because ____________ in water is inversely proportional to temperature, thereby reducing the amount of ____________ available to ____________________

A

gas solubility ; dissolved oxygen ; aerobic (oxygen-dependent) species.

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

gas solubility in water is INVERSELY proportional to temperature

A

TRUE

80
Q

_________ also increases the metabolic rate of aquatic organisms (unless the water temperature gets too high and kills the organism), which further reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen because respiration increases.

A

Heat

81
Q

Heat also increases the______________ of aquatic organisms (unless the water temperature gets too high and kills the organism), which further reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen because respiration increases.

A

metabolic rate

82
Q

Heat also increases the metabolic rate of aquatic organisms (unless the water temperature gets too high and kills the organism), which further reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen because _____________.

A

respiration increases

83
Q

______________ often contains high concentrations of organic carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen, and may contain pesticides, toxic chemicals, salts, inorganic solids (e.g., silt), and pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

A

Municipal wastewater

84
Q

________________, most discharges from municipalities received no treatment whatsoever. Since that time, the population and the pollution contributed by municipal
discharge have both increased, but treatment has increased also.

A

A century ago

85
Q

A century ago, most discharges from municipalities received _____________ whatsoever. Since that time, the population and the pollution contributed by municipal
discharge have both increased, but treatment has increased also.

A

no treatment

86
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A century ago, most discharges from municipalities received no treatment whatsoever. Since that time, the population and the pollution contributed by municipal
discharge have both INCREASED, but treatment has INCREASED also.

A

TRUE

87
Q

We define a population equivalent of _______________ as equivalent of the amount of
_______________ contributed by a given number of people.

A

municipal discharge ; untreated discharge

88
Q

The current estimate of the population equivalent of municipal discharges into U.S. surface water is
about _____________, for a population of nearly 300 million.

A

100 million

89
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The contribution of municipal discharges
to water pollution HAS NOT decreased significantly in the past several decades, nor has it
SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED; at least WE ARE NOT FALLING behind.

A

TRUE

90
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Agricultural wastes that flow directly into surface waters have a collective population equivalent of
about THREE BILLION

A

FALSE

Agricultural wastes that flow directly into surface waters have a collective population equivalent of
about TWO BILLION

91
Q

Agricultural wastes are typically high in__________(phosphorus and nitrogen), __________________, _______________, and ___________________

A

nutrients ; biodegradable organic carbon ; pesticide residues ; fecal coliform bacteria

92
Q

bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and indicate contamination by animal
wastes

A

fecal coliform bacteria

93
Q

_____________ where large numbers of animals are penned into relatively small spaces provide
an efficient way to raise animals for food.

A

Feedlots

94
Q

They are usually located near slaughterhouses, and thus
near cities.

A

Feedlots

95
Q

creates an extremely
high potential for water pollution.

A

Feedlot drainage

96
Q

Aquaculture has a similar problem because wastes are
concentrated in a _________________

A

relatively small space.

97
Q

______________ has a similar problem because wastes are
concentrated in a relatively small space.

A

Aquaculture

98
Q

Even relatively ________________ can significantly
degrade water quality if the animals can trample the stream bank, or runoff from manure-holding
ponds is allowed to overflow into nearby waterways.

A

low densities of animals

99
Q

Even relatively low densities of animals can significantly
________________ if the animals can trample the stream bank, or runoff from manure-holding ponds is allowed to overflow into nearby waterways.

A

degrade water quality

100
Q

Both ________ and ________ pollution are common in agricultural regions because of the extensiveness of fertilizer and pesticide application.

A

surface ; groundwater

101
Q

Both surface and groundwater pollution are
common in agricultural regions because of the _______________ and _____________.

A

extensiveness of fertilizer ; pesticide application

102
Q

Both surface and groundwater pollution are common in _________ because of the extensiveness of fertilizer and pesticide application.

A

agricultural regions

103
Q

________ and _____ from industrial and mining activities can alter the water quality in a stream or lake to the extent that it kills the aquatic organisms living there or prevents them from reproducing.

A

Acids ; bases

104
Q

Acids and bases from industrial and mining activities can _____________ in a stream or lake to the extent that it kills the aquatic organisms living there or prevents them from reproducing.

A

alter the water quality

105
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Acids and bases from industrial and mining activities can alter the water quality in a stream or lake
to THE EXTENT that IT KILLS THE AQUATIC organisms living there or prevents them from REPRODUCING.

A

TRUE

106
Q

______________ has polluted surface waters since the beginning of ore mining.

A

Acid mine drainage

107
Q

Acid mine drainage has polluted surface waters since the beginning of ___________

A

ore mining.

108
Q

__________________ leached from mines, including old and abandoned mines as well as active ones, contains
compounds that oxidize to sulfuric acid in contact with air.

A

Sulfur-laden water

109
Q

Sulfur-laden water leached from mines, including old and abandoned mines as well as active ones, contains
______________ that ___________________ in contact with air.

A

compounds ; oxidize to sulfuric acid

110
Q

_______________________
originating in industrial regions has caused lake acidification throughout vast areas of Canada,
Europe, and Scandinavia.

A

Deposition of atmospheric acids

111
Q

Deposition of atmospheric acids originating in industrial regions has caused _______________ throughout vast areas of Canada, Europe, and Scandinavia.

A

lake acidification

112
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Deposition of atmospheric acids
originating in industrial regions has caused lake acidification throughout vast areas of Canada,
Philippines, and Scandinavia.

A

False

Deposition of atmospheric acids
originating in industrial regions has caused lake acidification throughout vast areas of Canada,
EUROPE, and Scandinavia.

113
Q

_________________ can adversely affect aquatic ecosystems as well as making the water unusable for human contact or consumption.

A

Synthetic organics and pesticides

114
Q

These compounds may come from point source industrial effluents or from nonpoint source agricultural and urban runoff.

A

Synthetic Organics and Pesticides

115
Q

The effects of water pollution can be best understood in the context of an ________________, by studying one or more specific interactions of pollutants with that ecosystem.

A

aquatic ecosystem

116
Q

Surface water is obviously highly susceptible to _________________.

A

contamination

117
Q

__________________ is obviously highly susceptible to contamination.

A

Surface water

118
Q

Surface water has historically been the most
convenient sewer for industry and municipalities alike, while at the same time, it is the source of
the _______________________________

A

majority of our water for all purposes.

119
Q

These has been such a pervasive surface-water problem, affecting both moving water and still water

A

oxygen- demanding wastes

120
Q

When biodegradable organic matter is released into a body of water, ______________, especially bacteria, feed on the wastes, breaking them down into simpler organic and inorganic substances.

A

microorganisms

121
Q

When biodegradable organic matter is released into a body of water, microorganisms, especially bacteria, ________________, breaking them down into ______________ and ____________

A

feed on the wastes; simpler organic ; inorganic
substances.

122
Q

When biodegradable organic matter is released into a body of water, microorganisms, especially bacteria, feed on the wastes, breaking them down into simpler organic and inorganic substances.

When this decomposition takes place in an aerobic environment that is, in the presence of oxygen the process produces non objectionable, stable end products such as ______, ___________, ___, and _____ .

A

carbon dioxide, sulfate, orthophosphate, and nitrate .

123
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

When insufficient oxygen is available, the resulting ANAEROBIC decomposition is performed by completely DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS.

A

TRUE

124
Q

When insufficient oxygen is available, the resulting anaerobic decomposition is performed by completely different microorganisms. They produce end products that can be highly objectionable, including ___________, _____________ and __________

A

hydrogen sulfide ; ammonia ; methane

125
Q

ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION can be represented by

A

module - page 3

126
Q

The methane produced is physically stable, biologically degradable, and a potent greenhouse gas. When emitted from bodies of water, it is often called _____________.

A

swamp gas

127
Q

The methane produced is ____________,___________, and a ______________. When emitted from bodies of water, it is often called swamp gas.

A

physically stable ; biologically degradable ; a potent greenhouse gas

128
Q

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

It is also generated in the anaerobic environment of landfills, where it is sometimes collected and used as an ________________.

A

energy source.

129
Q

The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to oxidize organic wastes aerobically is
called the_______________________

A

biochemical oxygen demand

130
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

biochemical oxygen demand is most often expressed in MILLIGRAMS of OXYGEN required per liter of wastewater (MG/L).

A

TRUE

131
Q

TWO PARTS OF BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)

A

the carbonaceous oxygen demand (CBOD) and the nitrogenous oxygen demand (NBOD).

132
Q

The __________ that will be required for biodegradation is an important measure of the impact that a given waste will have on the receiving body of water.

A

total amount of oxygen

133
Q

it has become standard practice simply to
measure and report the oxygen demand over a shorter, restricted period of ______,
realizing that the ultimate demand may be considerably higher.

A

five days

134
Q

_______________ is the total amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the first five days of biodegradation.

A

The five-day BOD

135
Q

The five-day BOD, or (BOD5 ), is the total amount of ___________ consumed by microorganisms
during the _________________________

A

oxygen ; first five days of biodegradation.

136
Q

It would involve putting a sample of waste into a stoppered bottle and measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the sample at the beginning of the test and again five days later.

A

BOD5 TEST

137
Q

The difference in DO divided by the ___________________ would be the five-day BOD.

A

volume of waste

138
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

LIGHT must be kept out of the bottle to keep algae from adding oxygen by photosynthesis, and the bottle is sealed to keep air from replenishing DO that has been removed by biodegradation.

A

true

139
Q

To standardize the procedure of BOD5, the test is run at a fixed temperature of _____________

A

20°C.

140
Q

Since the oxygen demand of typical waste is several hundred milligrams per liter, and the saturated value of DO for water at 20°C is only 9.1 mg/L, it is usually necessary to dilute the sample to keep the final DO _______________.

A

above zero

141
Q

If during the five days, the DO drops to zero, the test is _________________ because more oxygen would have been removed had more been available.

A

invalid

142
Q

The five-day BOD of a diluted sample is given by:

A

BOD5 = (DOi - DOf) / P

143
Q

Dillution fraction ( P) formula:

A

volume of wastewater divided by the summation of the volume of wastewater and volume of dillution water

144
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A standard BOD bottle holds 300 mL, so is just the volume of wastewater divided by 300
mL.

A

TRUE

145
Q

Suppose we imagine a flask with some biodegradable organic waste in it. As bacteria _________, the amount of organic matter remaining in the flask will decrease with time until eventually it all disappears.

A

oxidize the waste

146
Q

Suppose we imagine a flask with some biodegradable organic waste in it. As bacteria oxidize the waste, the amount of organic matter remaining in the flask will __________ with time until eventually it all ______________.

A

decrease ; disappears

147
Q

true or false

Another way to describe the organic matter in the flask is to say as time goes on, the amount of organic matter already OXIDIZED goes UP until finally all the
original organic matter has been OXIDIZED.

A

TRUE

148
Q

We could say that the remaining demand for oxygen to decompose the wastes ________ with time until there is no more demand, or we could say the amount of oxygen demand already exerted, or utilized, starts at zero and rises until all of the original oxygen demand has been satisfied.

A

decreases

149
Q

We could say that the remaining demand for oxygen to decompose the wastes decreases with time until there is no more demand, or we could say the amount of oxygen demand already exerted, or utilized, starts at ___________ and rises until ____________ has been satisfied.

A

zero ; all of the original oxygen demand

150
Q

it is assumed that the rate of decomposition of organic wastes is________ to the amount of waste that is left in the flask.

A

proportional

151
Q

It is assumed that the _____________________________ is proportional to the _______________ that is left in the flask.

A

rate of decomposition of organic wastes ; amount of waste

152
Q

BODt Formula

A

BODt = Lo (1-e ^ -kt)

153
Q

graph of Lt Formula

A

Lt = Loe^-kt

(That is where is the ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand. It is the total amount of oxygen required
by microorganisms to oxidize the carbonaceous portion of the waste to simple carbon dioxide
and water. The ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand is the sum of the amount of oxygen
already consumed by the waste in the first days (BODt) plus the amount of oxygen remaining to be consumed after time t )

154
Q

Notice that oxygen demand can be described by the _______________ (you might want to think
of as how much oxygen demand is left at time t )

A

BOD remaining

155
Q

The _________________ is a factor that indicates the rate of biodegradation of wastes.

A

BOD reaction rate constant k

156
Q

The BOD reaction rate constant k is a factor that indicates the _____________________ of wastes.

A

rate of biodegradation

157
Q

BOD reaction rate constant k

As k ________, the rate at which dissolved oxygen is used ________, although the ultimate amount required, Lo , does not change. The reaction rate will depend on a number of factors, including the nature of the waste itself

A

increases ; increases

158
Q

BOD reaction rate constant k

As increases, the rate at which dissolved oxygen is used increases, although the ultimate amount required, Lo, does not change. The ____________ will depend on a number of factors, including the ___________

A

The reaction rate ; nature of the waste itself

159
Q

BOD reaction rate constant k

TRUE OR FALSE

(as temperatures INCREASE, SO DOES the rate of biodegradation).

A

TRUE

160
Q

Some typical values of the BOD reaction rate constant, at 20°C,

Raw Sewage = ____________
Well-treated Sewage = __________
Polluted River Water= ___________

A

0.35—0.70

0.12—0.23

0.12—0.23

161
Q

Why does raw sewage have a higher rate constant than either well-treated sewage or polluted river water?

A

because raw sewage contains a larger proportion of easily degradable organics that exert their oxygen demand quite quickly, leaving a remainder that decays more
slowly.

162
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

RAW SEWAGE has a HIGHER rate constant than either well-treated sewage or polluted river water.

A

TRUE

Raw Sewage 0.35—0.70

Well-treated Sewage 0.12—0.23
Polluted River Water 0.12—0.23

HENCE, Raw Sewage > WTS AND PRW

163
Q

Two other indicators that are sometimes used to describe the oxygen demand of wastes:

A
  1. theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) and
  2. chemical oxygen demand (COD).
164
Q

The ____________________ is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize completely a particular organic substance, as calculated from simple stoichiometric considerations.

A

theoretical oxygen demand

165
Q

It tends to overestimate the amount of oxygen actually consumed during decomposition for both the carbonaceous and nitrogenous components

A

Stoichiometric analysis

166
Q

These are organic matters that resist biodegradation.

A

cellulose, phenols, benzene, and tannic acid,

167
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Other types of organic matter, such as pesticides and various industrial chemicals, are NONBIODEGRADABLE because they are TOXIC to microorganisms.

A

TRUE

168
Q

It is a measured quantity that does not depend either on the ability of microorganisms to degrade the waste or on knowledge of the particular substances in question.

A

The chemical
oxygen demand (COD)

169
Q

In a COD test, a strong ________________ is used to oxidize the organics rather than relying on _______________ to do the job.

A

chemical oxidizing agent ; microorganisms

170
Q

true or false

The COD test is much QUICKER than a BOD test

A

TRUE

The COD test is much quicker than a BOD test, taking only a matter of hours.

171
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

You CANNOT USE the COD test as a way to estimate the ultimate BOD.

A

false

the COD test is SOMETIMES USED as a way to estimate the ultimate BOD.

172
Q

It does not provide any information on the rate at which actual biodegradation will take place.

A

The chemical
oxygen demand (COD)

173
Q

It does not distinguish between the oxygen demand that will actually be felt in a natural environment due to biodegradation and the chemical oxidation of inert organic matter.

A

The chemical
oxygen demand (COD

174
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The measured value of COD is HIGHER than BOD, though for easily biodegradable matter, the two will be similar.

A

true

ENVISCI (7 decks)

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