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ENVISCI > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the study of the interrelationships between plants and animals that live in a particular physical environment.

A

Ecology

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2
Q

are communities of organisms that interact with one another and with their physical environment

A

Ecosystem

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3
Q

are the place where a population of organisms lives.

A

Habitats

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4
Q

3 Fundamental Characteristics of the Ecosystem

A
  • Components
  • Processes
  • Changes
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5
Q

2 Components of Ecosystem

A
  • Living (BIOTIC)
  • Nonliving (ABIOTIC)
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6
Q

2 Processes of Ecosystem

A
  • Energy Flow
  • Nutrient Cycling
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7
Q

2 Changes of the Ecosystem

A
  • Dynamic (not static)
  • Succesion
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8
Q

Also means BIOTIC

A

LIVING

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9
Q

Also means ABIOTIC

A

NONLIVING

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10
Q

It is the transfer of energy from one component of the ecosystem to the next (1-way flow)

A

Energy Flow

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11
Q

The nutrients and other matter passed on in a cycle

A

Nutrient Cycling

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12
Q

It also means NOT STATIC

A

DYNAMIC

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13
Q

3 Sustaining Life on Earth

A
  • One-way flow of high-quality energy
  • The cycling of matter (the earth is a closed system)
  • Gravity - causes downward movement of matter
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14
Q

It is a closed system

A

EARTH

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15
Q

Earth is a __________.

A

CLOSED SYSTEM

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16
Q

It causes downward movement of matter.

A

GRAVITY

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17
Q

2 Related Laws of Thermodynamics

A
  • Law of Conservation of Energy
  • Law of Entropy
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18
Q

The energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

A

Law of Conservation of Energy

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19
Q

The energy spontaneously disperses from being localized to becoming spread out if it is not hindered from doing so.

A

Law of Entropy

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20
Q

It pertains to feeding relationships within the boundaries of ecosystems

A

Trophic structures

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21
Q

They determine the paths of energy flow and nutrient cycling

A

Trophic Structures

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22
Q

One of the most important species interactions

A

who eats whom

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23
Q

They move through the community

A

Matter and Energy

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24
Q

also refers to the rank in the feeding hierarchy in an ecosystem

A

Trophic levels

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25
Q

5 Trophic Structures

A
  • Producers
  • Primary Consumers
  • Secondary Consumers
  • Tertiary Consumers
  • Detritivores and Decomposers
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26
Q

Also known as ‘self-feeders’

A

Autotrophs

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27
Q

organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars; mostly photosynthetic

A

Autotrophs (‘self-feeders”)/Producers

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28
Q

Autotrophs (‘self-feeders”) - organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce __________; mostly photosynthetic

A

SUGARS

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29
Q

Autotrophs (‘self-feeders”) = organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars; mostly ____________.

A

photosynthetic

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30
Q

Give examples of Autotrophs

A
  • Green Plants
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Algae
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31
Q

Green Plants, cyanobacteria, and algae are examples of?

A

Autotrophs

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32
Q

They use the geothermal energy in hot springs or deep-sea vents to produce their food

A

Chemosynthetic bacteria

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33
Q

Chemosynthetic bacteria use the ________________ in hot springs or deep-sea vents to produce their food

A

Geothermal Energy

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34
Q

One of the types of Heterotroph

A

Primary Consumer (Herbivore)

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35
Q

Herbivores that consume the producers (plants)

A

Primary Consumers

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36
Q

They consume the producer (plants)

A

Herbivores

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37
Q

Give examples of Primary Consumers/Herbivores

A
  • Deer
  • Grasshoppers
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38
Q

Deers and grasshoppers are examples of?

A

Herbivores (Primary Consumer)

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39
Q

Are also one of the types of heterotroph

A

Secondary Consumer (Carnivores)

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40
Q

Are organisms that prey on primary consumers or herbivores

A

Secondary Consumers (Carnivores)

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41
Q

They consume meat

A

Carnivores

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42
Q

Give examples of carnivores

A
  • Wolves
  • Rodents
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43
Q

Wolves and rodents are examples of?

A

Carnivores

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44
Q

Are the last type of heterotrophs

A

Tertiary Consumer (Omnivores)

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45
Q

Consume secondary consumers

A

Tertiary Consumers

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46
Q

They are also carnivores

A

Tertiary Consumers

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47
Q

Give examples of tertiary consumers

A
  • Hawks
  • Owls
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48
Q

Hawks and owls are examples of?

A

Tertiary Consumers

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49
Q

The consumers that eat both plants and animals.

A

Omnivores

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50
Q

Organisms that consume nonliving organic matter

A

Detritivores and Decomposers

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51
Q

They enrich soils and/or recycle nutrients found in dead organisms

A

Detritivores and Decomposers

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52
Q

The scavenge waste products or dead bodies

A

Detritivores

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53
Q

Given an example of detrivores

A

Millipedes

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54
Q

Millipede is an example of?

A

Detritivores

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55
Q

They break down leaf litter and other non-living material

A

Decomposers

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56
Q

Give examples of decomposers

A
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
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57
Q

Fungi and bacteria are examples of?

A

DECOMPOSERS

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58
Q

They enhance topsoil and recycle nutrients

A

Decomposers

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59
Q

the relationship of how energy is transferred up the trophíc levels

A

Food chain

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60
Q

a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow

A

FOOD WEB

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61
Q

True or False

There is BIG if no matter waste in natural ecosystems

A

False ; LITTLE

62
Q

show how matter and energy move from one organism to another through an ecosystem

A

Food chains/webs

63
Q

contains a certain amount of biomass (dry weight of all organic matter)

A

Tropic Level

64
Q

Each trophic level contains a certain amount of __________ (dry weight of all organic matter)

A

BIOMASS

65
Q

The % of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next (ranges from 5-20% in most ecosystems, use 10% as a rule of thumb)

A

Ecological Efficiency

66
Q

2 Pyramids of Energy and Matter

A
  • Pyramid of Energy Flow
  • Pyramid of Biomass
67
Q

6 Basic Elements of which All Organisms are Composed (NP COSH)

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Sulfur
  • Hydrogen
68
Q

Can be stored in five (5) major areas

A

Carbon Cycles

69
Q

5 Major Areas of Carbon Cycle

A
  • Living and dead organisms
  • Atmosphere (carbon dioxide)
  • Organic matter in soil
  • Lithosphere as fossil fuels and rock deposits
  • Oceans as dissolved CO2 and shells
70
Q

Is shuttled between organisms through photosynthesis and respiration

A

CARBON

71
Q

Carbon shuttles between organisms through ______________ and _______________

A

photosynthesis and respiration

72
Q

They must acquire their carbon from producers in order to be utilized for cellular respiration

A

CONSUMERS

73
Q

Consumers must acquire their carbon from producers in order to be utilized for ____________________

A

cellular respiration

74
Q

Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Atmosphere?

A

766

75
Q

Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Soil Organic Matter?

A

1500-1600

76
Q

Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Ocean?

A

38,000-40,000

77
Q

Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Marine sediments and sedimentary rocks?

A

66,000,000 - 100,000,000

78
Q

Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of Terrestrial Plants?

A

540 - 610

79
Q

Amounts in Billions of Metric Tons of fossil fuel deposits?

A

4,000

80
Q
  • Reservoirs: Atmosphere (CO2), fossil fuels, organic matters
  • Assimilation: Photosynthesis, animal consumption
  • Release - Respiration, decomposition, combustion

This is from what cycle?

A

CARBON CYCLE

81
Q

It is about 78% nitrogen but not in usable form

A

Atmosphere

82
Q

Atmosphere is about __________________ but not in usable form

A

78% Nitrogen

83
Q

It is the most important element for all living organisms by the synthesis of Amino acids, proteins, enzyms.

A

NITROGEN

84
Q

It is the circulation or cyclic movement of Nitrogen from the atmosphere to soil and back into the atmosphere.

A

Nitrogen Cycle

85
Q

It is a vital component of amino acids in proteins and nucleic acids.

A

NITROGEN

86
Q

It is the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

A

NITROGEN FIXATION

87
Q

All organisms depend on this process for nitrogen.

A

NITROGEN FIXATION

88
Q

Oxidation of ammonia (NH4) to nitrite (NO2) and then to nitrate (NO3).

A

NITRIFICATION

89
Q

Example of Nitrite (NO2)

A

Nitrosomonas

90
Q

Nitrosomonas is an example of what?

A

Nitrite (NO2)

91
Q

An example of Nitrate is

A

Nitrobacter

92
Q

Nitrobacter is an example of what?

A

Nitrate (NO3)

93
Q

It converts Nitrate (NO3) to atmospheric nitrogen (N2) like Pseudomonas.

A

DENITRIFICATION

94
Q

The decomposition of organic nitrogen back into ammonium

A

AMMONIFICATION

95
Q

carried out by decomposers like bacteria and fungi

A

AMMONIFICATION

96
Q

Recycles large amounts of nitrogen to the soil

A

AMMONIFICATION

97
Q
  • Reservoirs: Atmosphere, soil
  • Assimilation: Plant absorption, animal consumption
  • Release: Denitrification, detritivorous bacteria

This is from what cycle?

A

Nitrogen Cycle

98
Q

A major component of nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP

A

PHOSPHORUS

99
Q

This occurs only as inorganic phosphate to soil

A

Phosphorus

100
Q

this adds phosphate to soil

A

Weathering of Rocks

101
Q
  • Reservoirs: rocks
  • Assimilation: plants from soil, animals eating plants
  • Release: decomposition, excretion

This is from what cycle?

A

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

102
Q

5 Human Influences on the Ecosystem/Biodiversity (DOGID)

A
  • Deforestation
  • Overharvesting
  • Global Warming
  • Invasive Species
  • Desertification
103
Q

is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides the forest.

A

Deforestation

104
Q

is the removal of a forest or stand of
trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.

A

Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting, or clearing

105
Q

This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing or using the timber for fuel, construction, or manufacturing.

A

Deforestation

106
Q

can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use.

A

Deforestation

107
Q

The most concentrated deforestation occurs in __________________.

A

tropical rainforests

108
Q

is a type of land degradation in drylands in which biological productivity is lost due to natural processes or induced by human activities whereby fertile areas become increasingly arid.

A

Desertification

109
Q

is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.

A

Global warming

110
Q

includes both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.

A

Climate change

111
Q

can be any kind of living organism – an amphibian (like the cane toad), plant, insect, fish, fungus, bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or eggs–that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm.

A

Invasive Species

112
Q

They can harm the environment, the
economy, or even human health.

A

Invasive Species

113
Q

is an introduced organism that negatively alters its new environment. Although their spread can have beneficial aspects, these adversely affect the invaded habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage.

A

invasive species

114
Q

also called overexploitation

A

Overharvesting

115
Q

refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.

A

Overharvesting

116
Q

____________ use the term overharvesting to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction.

A

Ecologists

117
Q

The ever-increasing _______________ has intruded into the dynamics of most ecosystems through human activities or technology

A

human population

118
Q

Increased agricultural outputs may lead to ___________________________ of certain toxic substances

A

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

119
Q

4 Effects of Agriculture on Nutrient Cycling

A
  • Intrusions into cycling of nutrients
  • Overharvesting of natural populations for human consumption
  • Introduction of toxic compounds such as pesticides
  • Can lead to Biological Magnification
120
Q

pertains to the process where toxins are concentrated at each successive trophic level in the food chain

A

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

121
Q

known nerve poison agent against insect pests

A

Exemplified by DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

122
Q

Makes egg shells of birds very weak and brittle

A

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

123
Q

Affects the nervous system in humans

A

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

124
Q

Pollutants in lakes and rivers cause _____________________

A

CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION

125
Q

Increase of inorganic nutrient levels in waters such as lakes due to sewage, factory wastes, livestock runoff, and fertilizer leaching

A

CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION

126
Q

Results in explosive growth of photosynthetic organisms such as ALGAL BLOOMS

A

CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION

127
Q

a type of algal bloom caused by dinoflagellates

A

RED TIDE

128
Q

Greater carbon emissions lead to the ________________.

A

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

129
Q

___________________________________ have caused atmospheric CO2, concentrations to increase 14% since 1958

A

Carbon dioxide emissions

130
Q

It is increased is due to combustion of fossil fuels and burning of wood removed by deforestation

A

Carbon emission/Greenhouse Effect

131
Q

Proliferation of CFCs deplete the __________________

A

OZONE LAYER

132
Q

a protective layer made up of O3 in the stratosphere that absorbs ultraviolet radiation

A

OZONE LAYER

133
Q

is reduced to atmospheric O2 by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)

A

Ozone (O3)

134
Q

4 ADDITIONAL HUMAN INFLUENCES IN THE ECOSYSTEM (GCOB)

A
  • Greenhouse Effect
  • Cultural Eutrophication
  • Ozone Layer Depletion
  • Biological Magnification
135
Q

Ecologists use this term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction.

A

OVERHARVESTING

136
Q

The term ____________ is frequently used interchangeably with the term climate change,

A

global warming

137
Q

It is most commonly measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface temperature.

A

global warming

138
Q

the latter refers to both human- and naturally produced warming and the effects it has on our planet.

A

GLOBAL WARMING

139
Q

_____________ that contribute to desertification include the expansion and intrusive use of agricultural lands, poor irrigation practices, deforestation and overgrazing.

A

Human activities

140
Q

This is absorbed by plants into molecules

A

Phosphorus

141
Q

This is transferred to consumers

A

Phosphorus

142
Q

This is added back to soil by excretion and decomposition

A

Phosphorus

143
Q

This is also leaches into water table over time

A

Phosphorus

144
Q

What are the reservoirs of the carbon cycles?

A
  1. Atmosphere (CO2)
  2. fossil fuels
  3. organic matters
145
Q

How is carbon assimilated from carbon cycle?

A
  1. Photosynthesis
  2. Animal consumption
146
Q

How is carbon released in carbon cycle?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Decomposition
  3. Combustion
147
Q

What are the reservoirs of the nitrogen in nitrogen cycle?

A
  1. Atmosphere
  2. Soil
148
Q

How is nitrogen assimilated in nitrogen cycle?

A
  1. Plant absorption
  2. Animal consumption
149
Q

How is nitrogen released in nitrogen cycle?

A
  1. Denitrification
  2. Detritivorous bacteria
150
Q

What are the reservoirs of the phosphorus in phosphorus cycle?

A

rocks

151
Q

How is phosphorus assimilated in phosphorus cycle?

A
  1. Plants from soil
  2. Animals eating plants
152
Q

How is phosphorus released in the phosphorus cycle?

A
  1. Decomposition
  2. Excretion

ENVISCI (7 decks)

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