Lesson 5 : Enzyme Flashcards
_________ are substances that speed up chemical reactions.
Catalysts
Differentiate Anabolic and Catabolic
Anabolic - Building large molecules from small ones
Catabolic - Breaking down large molecules into small ones
We call these substances that are built up or broken down as __________.
Substrates
Enzymes are also ______________ in the chemical reactions they speed up.
highly specific
What does amylase do
The enzyme Amylase breaks down Carbohydrate Starch (Polysaccharides) into Monosaccharides
Glucose and Fructose can __________to form __________, and Sucrose can be broken down into Glucose and Fructose.
condense
Sucrose
How do Enzymes Speed up Chemical Reactions?
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the Activation Energy.
What is Activation Energy
Activation Energy is the amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
How do Enzymes Work
Enzymes bind to their substrates, causing a chemical reaction to be catalyzed.
Enzymes are ___________ that _____________ chemical reactions
proteins
catalyzes
What is an Active Site
This is the specific place in the enzyme where substrates bind to.
This has a specific size, shape and chemical behavior rendered by the specific arrangement of its amino acids.
Every type of enzyme has a unique active site, which is why enzymes are specific to particular substrate only.
What is the non-protein part of an enzyme
cofactor
Examples of Enzymes
Protease - Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Carbohydrase - Breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides
Lipase - Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Catalase - Breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide into Carbon Dioxide and Water
Kinds of Cofactors
Cations - Positively charged metal ions, bound temporarily to the active site to “activate” the enzyme.
Organic Molecules - Vitamins or vitamin products (coenzymes), that join enzyme-substrate complex temporarily.
If the cofactor is an organic molecule, then it is referred to as coenzyme.
Prosthetic Groups - Permanently bound to enzymes
What are substrates
molecules that bind to enzymes.
Differentiate the Models of an Enzyme Action
- Lock and Key Hypothesis
- Induced Fit Hypothesis
- Lock and Key Hypothesis : The substrate simply fits into the active site to form a reaction just like the key fits in its specific lock
- Induced Fit Hypothesis : In this model, the enzyme, upon binding of substrate, changes shape.
The suitable temperature for enzymes to function properly is
37°C
__________ in pH can affect these amino acids making it hard for substrates to bind.
Fluctuation
Increasing enzyme concentration will __________ the ______ of reaction, as more enzymes will be ________ to bind with substrates.
increase
rate
available
Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction because more substrate molecules will be _________ with enzyme molecules, so more product will be formed.
colliding
Enzyme Inhibitors ________ or _________ the activity of enzymes in biochemical reactions. They either block or distort the active site, thus inhibiting the reaction.
reduce
stop
Differentiate Competitive Inhibitors and Non Competitive Inhibitors
- Competitive Inhibitors : Occupy the active site and prevent a substrate molecule from binding to the enzyme.
- Non Competitive Inhibitors : Attach to parts of the enzyme, other than the active site, to distort the shape of an enzyme.
What are the Nomenclature of Enzymes
Urease
The suffix -ase identifies a substance as an enzyme
Infrequently, substrate only is specified in the name but not the reaction type.
Trypsin
The suffix - in is still being used in some of the first studied digestive enzymes
Oxidase
The type of reaction catalyzed by the enzyme is usually noted in the prefix
Glucose Oxidase
The identity of the substrate is usually included
Enzymes bind to ________ which they either ____________ or _____________
substrates
break down
condense
Enzymes may require _________ or ____________ substances to function
cofactors
nonprotein
Enzymes can be inhibited by ___________ or
competitive
non-competitive inhibitors
6 classes of enzymes
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
