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Biochemistry Lecture (Midterms) > Lesson 3 : Lipids > Flashcards

Lesson 3 : Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

● Lipids with Fatty Acids
● Lipids without Fatty Acids

A

● Lipids with Fatty Acids
○ Waxes
○ Fats and oils (Triglycerides)
○ Phospholipids
○ Sphingolipids
● Lipids without Fatty Acids
○ Steroids

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2
Q

What is TRIACYLGLYCEROL

A

● Energy storage lipids.
● Found in Adipocytes (Adipose cells).
● Formed by esterification of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

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3
Q

process of combining an organic with an alcohol to form an ester with water.

A

Esterification

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4
Q

The esterification of the triacylglycerol is a

A

dehydration synthesis reaction where fatty acids and glycerol are combined to form an ester bond and release water.

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5
Q

differentiate simple Triacylglycerol from a mixed Triacylglycerol

A

● Simple Triacylglycerol - triester formed from esterification of glycerol with 3 identical fatty acids.

● Mixed Triacylglycerol - triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than 1 kind of fatty acid.

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6
Q

naturally occurring mixtures of triacylglycerol in which many different triacylglycerol molecules are present which are ______ or _______ at _______ temperature (__C).

A

Fats
solid / semi-solid
room
25C

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7
Q

naturally occurring mixtures of triacylglycerol in which many different triacylglycerol molecules are present which are ______ at _______ temperature (25C).

A

oils
liquid
room

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8
Q

differentiate fats from oils

form
composition
melting point
source

A

fats
Solid at RT
More SFA than UFA
Higher
Animals

oils
Liquid at RT
More UFA than SFA
Lower
Plants, Fish

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9
Q

GOOD FAT VS BAD FAT

SFA (Good or Bad? and Why)
MUFA (Good or Bad? and Why)
PUFA (Good or Bad? and Why)

A

SFA : Bad, High risk of Heart Disease
MUFA : Good, Low risk of Heart Disease; Low risk of Breast Cancer
PUFA : Bad and Good, Low risk of Heart Disease; High risk of Breast Cancer

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10
Q

OMEGA 3 VS OMEGA 6

Omega 3 ( source and benefits)
Omega 6 (source and benefits)

A

Omega 3 : Cold water fishes | Low incidence of Heart Disease despite high-fat diet

Omega 6 : Plant Oils | High incidence of Heart Disease if high-fat diet

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11
Q

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

A

● Esterification or Dehydration Synthesis
● Hydrolysis
● Saponification
● Hydrogenation
● Oxidation

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12
Q

What is Hydrolisis

A

● Triacylglycerol is split by water and acid (H+ or enzyme catalyst)
● Produce Glycerol and 3 Fatty acids
● Reverse Esterification

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13
Q

Differentiate Acidic and Basic Condition

A

● Acidic Condition - hydrolysis product of glycerol and fatty acid
● Basic Condition - hydrolysis product is glycerol and fatty acid salts

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14
Q

What is Saponification

A

● Triacylglycerol undergoes hydrolysis with a strong base and is split into glycerol and salts of fatty acids.
● The salts of fatty acids are “soaps”
● Chemical reaction used to make soaps.

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15
Q

What is Hydrogenation

A

● Unsaturated compounds react with H2
● Ni (Nickel) or Pt (Platinum) are Catalysts
● C=C bonds -> C-C bonds
○ Double bonds (UFA) break and
become single bonds (SFA).
● Converts cis double bonds to trans double bonds.

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16
Q

have ill effects on blood chemistry similar to those of Saturated Fatty Acids.

A

Trans fatty acids

17
Q

What is Oxidation

A

● C=C double bonds present in Unsaturated Fatty Acids are subject to oxidation with Oxygen (from Air).
● Results to short chain Aldehydes.
● Further oxidation will form short chain carboxylic acids.

18
Q

What are membrane lipids

A

Lipids that are structural components of cell membrane.
○ Up to 80% of the mass of the cell membrane can be lipid material.
○ The rest is primarily proteins.

(1) Phospholipid
- Glycerophospholipids
- Sphingophospholipids
(2) Cholesterol
(3)Sphingoglycolipids
- Cerebrosides
- Gangliosides

19
Q

Most abundant type of membrane lipid.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

20
Q

What does Phospholipids contain

A

contains 1 or more fatty acids, a platform molecule, and a phosphate group with an alcohol.

21
Q

What is Sphingophospholipids

A

Contains a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component attached to a sphingosine.

22
Q

Define Cholesterol

A

● C27 (carbon) steroid molecule.
○ Composed of 27 carbon linkages.
● Component of cell membranes and precursor for other steroid based lipids.

23
Q

Lipids that stabilize and disperse water-insoluble materials in aqueous solution

A

EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS

24
Q

Two types of Bile Acids

A

Cholic Acid
Deoxycholic Acid

25
Q

What is Bile Acids

A

○ One derivative of cholesterol.
○ It is an emulsifying agent that facilitates the
absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine.

26
Q

Regulatory lipids that act in the tissue where they are synthesized or at the other locations after transport via the bloodstream.

A

MESSENGER LIPIDS

27
Q

Types of Messenger Lipids

A

Steroid Hormones
- Sex Hormones
- Adrenocorticoids
Eicosanoids
- Prostaglandins
- Thromboxanes
- Leukotrienes

28
Q

female sex hormones; synthesized in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

A

Estrogen

29
Q

male sex hormones; synthesized in the testis and adrenal cortex.

A

Androgens

30
Q

pregnancy hormones; synthesized in the ovaries and placenta.

A

Progestins

31
Q

control the balance of Na+ and K+ ions in cells and body fluids.

A

Mineralocorticoids

32
Q

control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation.

A

Glucocorticoids

33
Q

involved in many regulatory functions in the body.

A

Prostaglandin

34
Q

promote the formation of blood clots by promoting platelet aggregation.

A

Thromboxane

35
Q

found in leukocytes and are associated with various inflammatory and allergic responses.

A

Leukotriene

36
Q

What are biological waxes

A

Water insoluble, water repellant lipids with protective coating and lubricating functions.

Biochemistry Lecture (Midterms) (7 decks)

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