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Principles Of Medical Laboratory > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Who is Girolamo Fracastoro?

A

He suggested that diseases are caused by different types of rapidly multiplying minute body and that these bodies are transferred in three bodies.
1. Direct Contact
2. Carriers such as Soiled Clothing
3. Through the air

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2
Q

Who named the life forms as animalcules?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

What theory did Francesco Redi disputed.

A

The theory of Spontaneous Generation

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4
Q

He performed an experiment on decaying meat in 1668.

A

Francesco Redi

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5
Q

Which pioneer said “ there must be life force that causes inanimate matter to spontaneously come to life?

A

John Needham

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6
Q

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani observed?

A

No microbial growth is suggestive of air as possible source of contamination.

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7
Q

Who developed the principles of vaccination, fermentation and pasteurization?

A

Louise Pasteur

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8
Q

He is the pioneer of antiseptic surgery.

A

Joseph Lister

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9
Q

What was the chemical sterilizing agent Joseph Lister used for surgical instruments?

A

Carbolic Acid (Phenol)

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10
Q

He was credited for the Gram staining technique which is distinguished into two major groups of bacteria: Gram Positive and Gram Negative

A

Hans Christian Gram

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11
Q

Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, __________ from a mold, ___________.

A

Penicilin G, Penicillium Notatum

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12
Q

Who established the theory of etiologic agents cause diseases? (Also popularized Koch’s Postulates)

A

Robert Koch

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13
Q

Distinguish the bacterial species from the disease:
1. Anthrax
2. Botulism/Food Poisoning
3. Diptheria
4. Urinary Tract Infection

A
  1. Bacillus Anthracis
  2. Clostridium Botulinum
  3. Corynebacterium Diptheriae
  4. Escherichia Coli
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14
Q

Distinguish the disease from bacterial disease:
5. Staphylococcus Aureus
6. Streptococcus Pyogenes
7. Salmonella Typhi
8. Streptococcus Pneumonia

A
  1. Pyogenic Infections
  2. Strep Throat, scarlet fever
  3. Typhoid Fever
  4. Pneumonia
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15
Q

Distinguish the bacterial species:
9. Syphilis
10. Tuberculosis
11. Gastric Ulcer

A
  1. Treponema pallidum subsp. Pallidum
  2. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
  3. Helicobacter Pylori
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16
Q

Two types of bacterial metabolism and growth in Oxygen

A

Aerobes: requires oxygen for growth

Anaerobes: grow best in an atmosphere of reduced oxygen tension

17
Q

What type of bacteria needs carbon dioxide to metabolite and grow?

A

Capnophiles

18
Q

What are the 2 types of nutrients in bacterial metabolism and growth?

A

Autotrophs: make energy through inorganic raw materials such as SUNLIGHT.

Heterotrophs: make use of food that came from other organisms in the form of fats, carbo, and protein

19
Q

What is the limit temperature for each of the following:
1. Psychrophile/Cryophile
2. Mesophile
3. Thermophile
4. Hyperthermophile

A
  1. Psychrophile/Cryophile: 0 - 15 C
  2. Mesophile: 20 - 40
  3. Thermophile: 50 - 60
  4. Hyperthermophile: 80 - 113
20
Q

What is the hydrogen and ion concentration of the following?
1. Acidophile
2. Neutrophile
3. Alkalophile

A
  1. Acidophile: 0-5.5 (Sulfolobus)
  2. Neutrophile: 5.5-8.0 (E.coli)
  3. Alkalophile: 8.5-11.5 (Vibrio Cholerae)
21
Q

Explain the Lag Phase

A

This phase defines the adapting phase of bacteria wherein they are tying to adapt to the place they are in therefore there is no increase in number of living bacterial cells.

22
Q

Define which phase this is (Bacterial Growth Curve)

“ After adapting to the environment, the bacteria has taken in the nutrients of the environment and starts to divide or multiple which causes an exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells”

A

Log Phase

23
Q

This phase is basically what you call the “survival of the fittest”

A

Stationary Phase

24
Q

Define which phase:

“ Due to the lack of nutrients, there is an exponential decrease in number of living bacterial cells”

A

Death or decline phase

25
Q

What are the two types of bacterial staining?

A

Simple Stain: One stain is used; observe for size, shape and uniformity

Differential Stain: Use to distinguish between group of bacteria; gram staining, acid staining

26
Q

State the Gram Staining Procedure (Hint: VIAS)

A
  1. Flood with CRYSTAL (Positive)
  2. Flood with IODINE
  3. Decolorize with ALCOHOL until no more purple comes off the slide
  4. Flood with SAFRANIN (Negative)
27
Q

Steps in Acid Fast Staining

A
  1. Application of Carbofulchsin
  2. Application if Heat
  3. Application of Acid Alcohol
  4. Application of Methylene Blue

Principles Of Medical Laboratory (6 decks)

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